1、Designation: C 577 071Standard Test Method forPermeability of Refractories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese
2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUnits of measure statement was added editorially in March 2009.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of the permeabil-ity of refractory brick and mono
3、liths, from which suitablespecimens can be cut, at room temperature.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.1.2.1 Except
4、ionsThe apparatus used in this standard isonly available in SI units (Section 4). Also, some of thecalculations must use SI units only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to est
5、ablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1095 Practice for Calculating Precision Data on Refracto-ries (C08) from Interlaboratory Test Results.33. Significance and Use3.1 This t
6、est method is used to measure the rate of flow ofair or nitrogen through refractory brick and monoliths and tothus determine the permeability of tested products.3.2 This test method is useful in research and developmentfor establishing the relative permeability of products withincomparable classes.
7、It may also be used to identify acceptableproducts for design purposes and to establish permeabilitycriteria for specification acceptance.3.3 It must be recognized that permeability can vary indifferent directions and different parts of a refractory due tofactors such as forming procedure, grain siz
8、e and distribution,and heat treatment.4. Apparatus4.1 The apparatus shall provide a leakproof system fortesting 2 in. (51 mm) cubes held in a pressurized rubber gasket,with means for controlling gas pressure and measuring gasflow. Figs. 1-3 illustrate a suitable apparatus.4The apparatusconsists of t
9、he following components:4.1.1 Permeating Medium, air or nitrogen with regulator-controlled inlet pressure.4.1.2 Drier Tubes, each filled with a desiccant and strainer;used to remove any water or dirt from the gas before enteringthe flowmeters.4.1.3 FlowmetersThey will measure the flow of permeat-ing
10、 media in the range from 0 to 9000 cm3/min. Theflowmeters may be calibrated to read the flow directly of eitherair or nitrogen. The range for each flowmeter is shown in Fig.1.4.1.4 ManometerAmultiple scale digital manometer shallbe used to measure the differential pressure across the speci-men.4.1.5
11、 Rubber Specimen-Sealing GasketThe gasket (Fig.2) is made to fit tightly arounda2by2by2in.(51by51by51 mm) test specimen. The two tapered metal-gasket holders(Fig. 3) enclose the rubber gasket, and are compressed with ahydraulic jack (Fig. 4) to seal the gasket tightly against the testspecimen.5. Spe
12、cimen Preparation5.1 One 2 by 2 by 2 in. (51 by 51 by 51 mm) specimen shallbe cut from each of four pieces constituting the sample ofmaterial to be tested. The specimen should be cut in such amanner as to fit snugly into the gasket.5.2 The specimens shall be cut so that three originalsurfaces are re
13、tained. In cases where it is desirable to determine1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on PhysicalProperties.Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approvedin 1965. La
14、st previous edition approved in 1999 as C 577 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3C084The app
15、aratus is described in Eusner, G. R., and Shapland, J. T., “Permeabilityof Blast-Furnace Refractories,” Journal, Am. Ceramic Soc., Vol. 42, No. 10, 1959,pp. 459464.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the permeability of s
16、pecimens that show directional differencesin permeability, the original surfaces shall be identified, and thevalues determined separately for each direction of gas flow.AFlowmeter (3 to 80 cm3/min) GMercury ManometerBFlowmeter (10 to 180 cm3/min) HNeedle ValveCFlowmeters (100 to 1500 cm3/min) JPress
17、ure-Release ValveDFlowmeters (500 to 9000 cm3/min) KGasket HolderEDrying Tubes LHydraulic JackFWater Manometer MPressure RegulatorNGas Supply (Permeating Medium)FIG. 1 Permeability ApparatusC5770712FIG. 1 Permeability Apparatus (continued)SI Equivalentsin. 1 15/16 2 4mm 49 51 102FIG. 2 Rubber Specim
18、en-Sealing GasketSI Equivalentsin.14 212 4mm 6 64 102FIG. 3 Tapered Stainless Steel Gasket HolderC57707135.3 The specimens shall be dried for 16 h at 220 to 230F(105 to 110C) and cooled to room temperature before testing.After drying, all specimen surfaces shall be blown free of dustwith clean dry a
19、ir and tested within 4 h.6. Procedure6.1 Check the system for leaks. This may be accomplishedby taking readings with an impermeable material in thespecimen holder or by utilizing flowmeters in the line ahead ofthe test specimen.6.2 Place the specimen in the rubber gasket, and enclose itbetween the t
20、wo halves of the gasket holder. Force the halvesof the gasket holder together to seal the specimen in the gasket.6.3 Pass dried air (or nitrogen) through the specimen toproduce a differential pressure across the specimen of 240 mmHg (32.0 kPa) and measure the rate of air (or nitrogen) flow.Measure t
21、he differential pressure with the mercury manometerand the rate of air flow with a flowmeter, which will indicate anear full-scale reading on the low-pressure side of the speci-men.6.4 Also measure the rate of air (or nitrogen) flow fordifferential pressures of 140 and 70 mm Hg (18.7 and 9.3 kPa)if
22、the rate of air flow does not exceed 9000 cm3/min when thedifferential pressure across the specimen is 240 mm Hg.6.5 If the air (or nitrogen) flow exceeds 9000 cm3/min whenthe differential pressure across the specimen is 240 mm Hg,measure the rate of flow at differential pressures of 240, 140,and 70
23、 mm (2.3, 1.4, and 0.7 kPa) of water.6.6 On specimens where directional permeability is to bedetermined, test the two remaining specimen orientations.7. Calculation7.1 When using air, calculate the permeability in centidar-cys (Note) at room temperature, using one of the formulasbelow which depend o
24、n the type of manometer used. Ifnitrogen is used as the permeating medium, the permeability ascalculated by either of the formulas should be decreased by5 %, since the viscosity of nitrogen at room temperature isapproximately 5 % lower than that of air.NOTE 1One centidarcy is a flow of 0.01 cm3/s of
25、 a fluid of 1 cPviscosity through a 1-cm cube under a pressure difference of 1 atm. Toconvert to flow in in.3/sin.2of areain. of thicknesspsi pressure difference,divide by 174.K 5 0.451 3 F!/DPm1 1 DPm/152!# (1)orK 5 6.19 3 F!/DPw(2)where:F = flow, cm3/min,DPm= differential pressure, cm Hg,DPw= diff
26、erential pressure, cm of water, andK = permeability, centidarcys.7.2 These equations were derived from the following gen-eral relation with the viscosity of the permeating gas (air) takenas 182.7 P.SI Equivalentsin. mm in. mm12151325127816203406FIG. 4 Hydraulic-Jack AssemblageC5770714K 5 MQL/ADP! 3
27、100 (3)where:K = permeability, centidarcys,M = gas viscosity, cP,Q = flow rate, cm3/s,Q = sample length, cm,A = sample area, cm2, andDP = absolute pressure drop across the sample, atm.8. Report8.1 The permeability shall be reported as the average of thefour specimens. Where information is required o
28、n directionalpermeability, the average of the four specimens shall bereported individually for each of the three specimen orienta-tions.9. Precision and Bias59.1 Interlaboratory DataAn interlaboratory round robinwas conducted in which seven laboratories each tested fourspecimens from two different t
29、ypes of refractory materials.Results were published in 1993 Research Report No. 1378.Each laboratory performed two trials on each specimen todetermine the permeability in centidarcys. The components ofvariance from this study expressed as standard deviation andrelative standard deviation are given i
30、n Table 1. Refer toPractice C 1095 for calculating precision data on refractoriesfrom interlaboratory test results.9.2 Precision:9.2.1 RepeatabilityThe maximum permissible differencedue to test error between two test results obtained by oneoperator on the same material using the same test equipment
31、isgiven by the repeatability interval and the relative repeatabilityinterval (coefficient of variation). The 95 % repeatability inter-vals are given in Table 1. Two test results which do not differby more than the repeatability interval will be considered to befrom the same population; and, converse
32、ly, two test resultswhich do differ by more than the repeatability interval will beconsidered to be from different populations.9.2.2 ReproducibilityThe maximum permissible differ-ence due to test error between two test results obtained by twooperators in different laboratories on the same material u
33、singthe same test equipment is given by the reproducibility intervaland the relative reproducibility interval (coefficient of varia-tion). The 95 % reproducibility intervals are given in Table 1.Two test results which do not differ by more than thereproducibility interval will be considered to be fr
34、om the samepopulation; and, conversely, two test results which do differ bymore than the reproducibility interval will be considered to befrom different populations.9.3 BiasNo justifiable statement on bias is possible sincethe true physical property values of refractories cannot beestablished by an
35、acceptable reference material.10. Keywords10.1 centidarcy; gas flow; permeability; refractoriesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determina
36、tion of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or with
37、drawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that you
38、r comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (sing
39、le or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).5Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. RequestRR:C 81378.TABLE 1 Preci
40、sion StatisticsBrick Type Average, xStandard Deviation Precision Coefficient of Variation RelativeRepeatability% rRelativeReproducibility% RWithinSrBetweenSRRepeatabilityInterval, rReproducibilityInterval, RWithin LabVrBetween Labs VRSuper dutyfirebrick25.07 1.38 3.27 3.86 9.16 5.65 12.82 15.81 35.8880 % alumina 11.17 0.16 1.84 0.44 5.14 1.67 16.98 4.68 47.55C5770715
