1、2008年中国社会科学院考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 Although Asia has recently seen the strengthening of the monsoons in most parts of India and Pakistan, the present climatological trend seems to indicate that the monsoon pattern, which is quite complex, is being disrupted. （ A） disturbed （ B）
2、 distracted （ C） dispersed （ D） dispelled 2 A firms public image, if it is good, should be treasured and protected. It is a valuable asset that usually is built up over a long and satisfying relationship of a firm with its public. （ A） pretext （ B） enlightenment （ C） adornment （ D） advantage 3 Some
3、of my colleagues have been extremely zealous in their attempts to get smoking banned in the office. （ A） ardent （ B） collaborative （ C） divisive （ D） arduous 4 We need to free young men from a destructive culture of manhood that impedes their capacity to feel other peoples hurt, to know others sadne
4、ss. （ A） permeates （ B） deforms （ C） hinders （ D） expels 5 The Taliban once controlled much of this trade, but the recent power vacuum could exacerbate the problem. （ A） abate （ B） aggravate （ C） evoke （ D） evade 6 A fourth grader can work at a fifth-grade level in math and a third-grade level in En
5、glish without the stigma associated with being left back or the pressures of being skipped ahead. （ A） slander （ B） disgrace （ C） reverence （ D） retaliation 7 Writing a book in 1968 on the morality of abortionhe describes his stance as “conservative pro-choice“ Callahan hit on the idea for a think t
6、ank on biomedical ethics. （ A） argument （ B） norm （ C） position （ D） version 8 But the insidious nature of the virus, its capacity to spread and kill remained, and its lingering mysteries how its transmitted, why its more virulent in some people than others, how its best treated have public-health e
7、xperts discernibly worried and unapologetic for erring on the side of caution. （ A） concise （ B） equivalent （ C） morbid （ D） pestilent 9 Since its foundation in 1945, the United Nations has written into its major covenants the need to establish minimum ages for marriage, but the custom of marriage i
8、s a highly sensitive cultural issue, mainly because it is so unpleasantly involved with womens rights and societal traditions and practices, and rules on marriage vary widely between countries. （ A） attack （ B） agreement （ C） diatribe （ D） directory 10 Again when we report or describe our thinking t
9、o other people we do not merely report unspoken words and sentences. Such sentences do not always occur in thinking, and when they do they are merged with vague imagery and the hint of unconscious or subliminal activities. （ A） unintentional （ B） flagrant （ C） easeful （ D） unanimous 11 The abacus is
10、 the counting frame that was the most widely used device for doing arithmetic in ancient times and whose use_into modern times in the Orient. （ A） eroded （ B） yearned （ C） persisted （ D） tumbled 12 Photographs taken by the investigators demonstrate in startling detail the monumental damage _on the W
11、orld Trade Center towers and buildings in the vicinity. （ A） inflicted （ B） tossed （ C） disposed （ D） paralyzed 13 Many studies indicate that those who have more education tend to be less prejudiced. However, the variables of income, social status, and intelligence that usually accompany higher educ
12、ation tend to cloud the_of education alone in reducing prejudice. （ A） trait （ B） norm （ C） notion （ D） efficacy 14 He feels uneasy when his feelings and beliefs toward the group are inconsistent, and he tries to bring them into_. （ A） presumption （ B） contradiction （ C） congruence （ D） compromise 1
13、5 _plans are made to overcome water shortages. Huge dams are built, expensive desalination plants are cultivated, and bizarre schemes to tow icebergs round the world are worked out. But the problem remains. （ A） Grandiose （ B） Pervasive （ C） Drastic （ D） Detrimental 16 Although at the_these schools
14、were attended by only a tiny percentage of the population, numbers increased during the 19th century as waves of immigrants entered. （ A） setback （ B） outset （ C） outlet （ D） sequence 17 Fierce storms have been_rescue efforts and theres now little chance of finding more survivors. （ A） hampering （ B
15、） bewildering （ C） tangling （ D） blundering 18 The protest went ahead despite government assurances that they would press for_with the neighboring country in the issuing of visas. （ A） prestige （ B） constraint （ C） retaliation （ D） reciprocity 19 Much personal information about individuals is now st
16、ored in computer files. An unauthorized person with access to this information could use it for blackmail. Also, confidential information about a companys products or operations can be stolen and sold to_competitors. （ A） cynical （ B） unscrupulous （ C） apathetic: （ D） enterprising 20 In most develop
17、ing societies women do not have_access to education. Nearly two thirds of the worlds 800 million illiterates are women, and almost everywhere males are given preference in education and vocational training. （ A） tangible （ B） equitable （ C） pertinent （ D） lavish 二、 Grammar 21 The biggest problem fac
18、ing Chile as it promotes itself as a tourist destination to be reckoned _, is that it is at the end of the earth. It is too far south to be a convenient way from the big tourist markets, unlike Mexico, for example. （ A） by （ B） as （ C） with （ D） along 22 If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch yo
19、u when you fell, you_now. （ A） wouldnt be smiling （ B） couldnt have smiled （ C） wont smile （ D） didnt smile 23 Weis said the institute is working together with the American Geological Institute and the National Association of Biology Teachers and its 80-plus member organizations to address the polit
20、ical and legislative threats_evolution. （ A） to teaching （ B） to teach （ C） for teaching （ D） teaching 24 It would be difficult for a man of his political affiliation, _, to become a senator from the South. （ A） no mater he has charm and capability （ B） though charming and capable is he （ C） however
21、 charming and capable （ D） charming and having capability 25 Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way you can avoid it_you can avoid being hungry. （ A） much more than （ B） no more than （ C） any more than （ D） no less than 26 Sometimes Americans are said to be_. Perhaps it seems
22、so, but they are probably just having a good time. Just like anywhere else, it takes time to become real friends with people in the U.S. （ A） superficial friend （ B） superficial friendly （ C） superficially friend （ D） superficially friendly 27 The system has a different morality as a group than the
23、people do as individuals, which permits it to_ineffective or dangerous products, deal dictatorially and often unfairly with suppliers, pay bribes for business, abrogate the rights of employees by demanding blind loyalty to management or tamper with the democratic process of government through illega
24、l political contributions. （ A） willfully produce （ B） a willful produce （ C） willing produce （ D） a willing produce 28 Each stage of malleability allows the glass to be manipulated into various forms, by different techniques, and if suddenly_the object retains the shape_at that point. Glass is thus
25、 amenable to a greater number of heat-forming techniques than most other materials. （ A） cooling, achieving （ B） cooled, achieved （ C） cooled, achieving （ D） cooling, achieved 29 Only Germany, with incentives to business to encourage the employment of older people, and France, with the introduction
26、of legislation making it illegal to use age barriers in recruitment_to make employees redundant because of their age_done anything substantive to combat age discrimination. （ A） as, has （ B） as, have （ C） or, has （ D） or, have 30 Not too many years ago it seemed obvious both to the general public an
27、d to sociologists that modern society has changed peoples natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin and neighbors, and substituted_superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. （ A） in their place for （ B） in its place for （ C） in their place （ D） in place 31 Leadership Ais a
28、ll about getting people Bconsistent to give their best, helping them to grow to Ctheir fullest potential, and motivating them to work toward a common goal. Leaders make the right things happen when they Dare supposed to. 32 Most speakers are not using the second language alongside the first Aone on
29、a daily basisinstead, the influence on the second language “trickles down“ from the elite class to Bthe masses. In cases like this, Cwhat trickles down most easily are isolated words, rather than the things that are harder to pick up from a foreign language. Such as word order and endings, Dthat req
30、uire the hang of. 33 What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of Afreedoms fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying the great theme of individuals Bstruggle for their rights. and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that Cbrou
31、ght with it amazing technological advances that Dhelped expand the growth of freedom. 34 Therefore, Asince technical advances in food production and Bprocessing will perhaps be needed to ensure Cfood availability, meeting food needs will depend Dmuch more on equalizing economic power among the vario
32、us segments of the populations within the developing countries themselves. 35 If it is accepted that the basic function of a financial market is Ato supply industry and commerce Bwith finance in order to achieve Cdesired rates of growth, it can be said that Dconcentrating on the market for its own s
33、ake the City has tended to forget that basic function. 36 When Aputting Bin historical perspective, from the time of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal to Cthe present, the Dfallen status of government as a protector and benefactor is extraordinary. 37 ASince it is necessary for about nine-tenths of the v
34、olume of sea water to evaporate for rock salt to be formed, it is believed that the thick rock rock-salt beds that are found Bwere deposited Cin Dwhat are used to be partly enclosed seas. 38 Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul“ is debatable; Athat they are Bintensely important in interpers
35、onal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a babys life, Cthe stimuli that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes Dneed not be real; a mask with two dots will produce a smile. 39 The railroad Ais simultaneously stripped the landscape of the natural resources, made velocity of
36、 transport and economy of scale Bnecessary parts of industrial production; and carried consumer goods to households: Cit dispatched immigrants to unsettled places, Ddrew emigrants away from farms and villages to cities, and sent men and guns to battle. 40 Significantly, a real human face with eyes c
37、overed will not motivate a smile, Anor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented Bin profile. This Cattraction to eyes Dopposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. 三、 Reading Comprehension 40 Here, the very important concept of the tool must enter into our considerati
38、on of purposive action. The primary form of the teleological sequence is that in which our action produces reactions in an external object, and these reactions, following a course determined by their own nature. Culminate in the desired effects. The use of tools involves interposing another factor b
39、etween the subject and this object, a factor that occupies an intermediate position not only in terms of space and time but also in terms of its content. For on the one hand a tool is a mere object which is mechanically effective, but on the other hand it is also an object that we not merely operate
40、 upon, but operate with, as with our own hands. The tool is an intensified instrument, for its form and existence are predetermined by the end. Whereas in the primary teleological process natural objects are only later made to serve our purposes. The person who plants a seed in order to enjoy the fr
41、uit of the plant at a later date, instead of being satisfied with wild fruits, acts teleologically, but the purposive action is limited to his hand. If, however, he uses a spade and hoe he removes himself further from the point at which natural processes operate by themselves, and he enhances the su
42、bjective factor in relation to the objective factor. By using tools we deliberately add a new link to the chain of purposive action, thus showing that the straight road is not always the shortest. The tool is typical of what we might call our creations in the external world; on the one hand it is fo
43、rmed exclusively by our own powers, and on the other it is devoted entirely to our own purposes. Because the tool is not itself an end it lacks the relative independence that the end implies, either as an absolute value or as something that will produce an effect upon us; it is an absolute means. Th
44、e principle of the tool is not only effective in the physical world. Where self-interest is not focused directly upon material production, but mental conditions or non-material events are involved, the tool attains a still more refined form, inasmuch as it is now really the creation of our will and
45、does not have to compromise with the attributes of a material substance that is fundamentally alien to purpose. The most typical instances of this kind of tool are perhaps social institutions, by means of which the individual can attain ends for which his personal abilities would never suffice. Memb
46、ership of a state provides the protection that is a prerequisite for most individual purposive action; but leaving aside this most general aspect, the particular institutions of civil law make possible for the individual achievements that would otherwise be denied to him. In the roundabout legal for
47、ms of contract, testament, adoption, etc, the individual possesses a collectively established tool that multiplies his own powers, extends their effectiveness and secures their ends. Fortuitous elements are eliminated and the homogeneity of interests makes possible an increase in the services render
48、ed: from the interaction of individuals there develop objective institutions which become the junction of countless individual teleological sequences and provide an efficient tool for otherwise unattainable purposes. It is the same with religious rites, which are tools of the Church, serving to obje
49、ctify the typical emotions of the religious community. They are, no doubt, a digression from the ultimate end of religious sentiment, but a digression by means of a tool which, in contrast to all material tools, serves exclusively those ends that the individual is otherwise unable to attain. 41 According to the article, where does the tool fit into the sequence of action, reaction and effect? （ A） The tool comes before the action. （ B） The tool comes afte
