1、2012年中国社会科学院考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 But two hurdles stand in the way of Russias realizing its space dreams: a collapsing public-education system and a brain drain that for decades has been siphoning off the countrys highly trained engineers as they move to better-paying jobs in
2、the West. （ A） obstacles （ B） prophecies （ C） hassles （ D） outcomes 2 Its subject is “life-as-spectacle“, for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without: the tragic Iliad, however, presents “life-as-experience“: readers are, asked to identify with th
3、e mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likeable hero. （ A） inside （ B） outside （ C） lacking （ D） surrounding 3 The reader trusts the writer to create and re-create for him a vision of a fictional world that is free of moral ambiguity, a larger-than-life domain in which s
4、uch ideals as courage, justice, honor, loyalty and love are challenged and upheld. （ A） detected （ B） supplied （ C） divulged （ D） preserved 4 Those schools are so strapped for cash that Huckabee just slashed a planned teacher-salary increase from $3,000 to less than $600. （ A） shifted （ B） cut （ C）
5、modified （ D） drafted 5 Schools also reinforce sex-role stereotyping and potential violence through what is termed the “evaded curriculum“. This term refers to those issues that greatly affect the quality of students lives, but are rarely discussed within schools. （ A） perverted （ B） eluded （ C） obs
6、cured （ D） marred 6 Although some schools are postponing new projects because of the faltering economy, others are forging ahead with plans to emulate reshman programs that have long existed at some of the nations oldest colleges. （ A） surpass （ B） imitate （ C） scramble （ D） expand 7 Blues comes fro
7、m that sense of not being at the centre, “from nothingness, from want, from desire,“ as W.C.Handy put it. Bessie became the incarnation of mat “absence, darkness, death“. （ A） discarnating （ B） materialization （ C） personification （ D） representative 8 Our boasted civilization is but a thin veneer,
8、which cracks and scares off at the first impact of primal passions. （ A） creative （ B） traditional （ C） uncontrollable （ D） original 9 Hamlets impetuosity and emotionalism is also the source of his major weakness and character defect. （ A） atrocity （ B） impatience （ C） humility （ D） ambition 10 The
9、playwrights parliamentary career was notable for his eloquent speeches made in opposition to the British war against the American colonies, in support of the new French Republic, and in denunciation of the British colonial administrator Warren Hastings. （ A） sycophancy （ B） condemnation （ C） gratifi
10、cation （ D） menace 11 Business travelers may grumble about moving to the back of the Airbus, but in the air and on the ground, special deals_for those who are willing to lower their sights. （ A） abound （ B） indulge （ C） permeate （ D） revive 12 It is developing a service that will let you create all
11、online identity that can_various claims that it will back up. （ A） plunge （ B） assert （ C） exert （ D） insert 13 You may have seen this when you tried to open a new bank or credit card account and you were presented with some multiple choice questions asking you to verify where you got you_or car loa
12、n. （ A） complication （ B） revenue （ C） mortgage （ D） chasm 14 To be a / an_is the ambition most appropriate for those who see the world as being in contract change, and who, without thinking that they can control it, wish to influence its direction. （ A） incentives （ B） facilitation （ C） catalyst （
13、D） cataclysm 15 Good writers are often also_readers who enjoy equally fiction and nonfiction, prose and poetry, philosophy and science. （ A） carnivorous （ B） omnivorous （ C） herbivorous （ D） prestigious 16 We begin by considering three policies what we might call ideal types in reverse that nearly a
14、ll Americans would rightfully find unacceptable for different reasons: understanding why these policies are unacceptable can perhaps guide us as we seek to discern the most responsible and_policy. （ A） negligent （ B） middle-of-the-road （ C） give-and-take （ D） prudent 17 In the world of show business
15、, for example, fame is apt to be breathtakingly_, a year in the limelight followed by total obscurity. （ A） ephemeral （ B） peripheral （ C） perpetual （ D） evanescent 18 Sex and violence on television are called_by people who feel that they serve no purpose other than to improve ratings. （ A） gratifie
16、d （ B） gratuity （ C） ingratiating （ D） gratuitous 19 He doesnt know much about politics, but hes always shooting off his mouth about how good he is He is somewhat of a/an_. （ A） dogmatist （ B） adventurer （ C） braggart （ D） humbler 20 A number of researchers have written about a “hidden curriculum“ i
17、n schools, defined as the subtle influences on students that reinforce sexist and racist messages. The hidden curriculum minimizes and_the contributions women have made. （ A） eulogizes （ B） maligns （ C） maximizes （ D） . compliments 二、 Grammar 21 If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life an
18、d practice my art,_by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot. （ A） being respected （ B） respecting （ C） respectfully （ D） respected 22 In addition to curricula, programs, and comprehensive support services, schools_sexist bias, harassment, and viol
19、ence, so a number of school districts and states are currently adopting sexual harassment policies. （ A） have to make a final stand for （ B） must make an unequivocal stand against （ C） have to adopt a firm stand to （ D） must keep an unambiguous stand over 23 Despite all the refinements of subtlety a
20、nd the dogmatism of learning, it is by the common sense and compassion of readers which are uncorrupted by the prejudices of some opinionated scholars_the characters and situations in medieval and Elizabethan literature, as in any other literature, can best be judged. （ A） that （ B） which （ C） what
21、（ D） X 24 Few people have the time that is required to master a “full“ knowledge of a foreign language and_still would be to make the much practical use of such a language. （ A） more （ B） less （ C） much （ D） fewer 25 Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more
22、 or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age_in charge of events. （ A） they had been （ B） had they been （ C） they had have been （ D） were they 26 An important consequence arises because the social security program is purely pay-as-you-go financed,_most pension plans, a
23、t least in the private sector, are fully funded. Thus, greater contracting-out implies greater prefunding of pension commitments. （ A） whereas （ B） because （ C） so that （ D） therefore 27 We complain of the darkness in which we live out our lives:we do not understand the nature of existence in genera
24、l; we especially do not know the relation of our own self to the rest of existence. Not only is our life short, our knowledge is limited entirely to it, since we can see_back before our birth_out beyond our death, so that our consciousness is as it were a lightning-flash momentarily illuminating the
25、 night: it truly seems as though a demon had maliciously shut off all further knowledge from us so as to enjoy our discomfiture. （ A） either/or （ B） neither /nor （ C） both/and （ D） not only / but also 28 Although it rules that these is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court
26、 in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect“, a_moral principle holding that an action having two effects_a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen_is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. （ A） centurys old （ B） century old （ C） centuriess old （
27、 D） centuries-old 29 That was a man-made disaster that clearly_if the federal government, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, had quickly marshaled the political will and resources to evacuate those without access to cars, instead of promoting on its Web site a faith-based charity that clearly
28、no match for the problem. （ A） may have been averted （ B） could have been averted （ C） may have averted （ D） could have averted 30 The poor suffered the most in the calamity, and they are now experiencing the brutalizing effects of what the activist journalist Naomi Klein has rightly termed “disaste
29、r capitalism“, as foreign corporations seek to profit from the reconstruction while the residents of the fishing villages that formerly occupied the area_. （ A） are being forced to relocate （ B） is being forced to relocate （ C） are being forced to be relocated （ D） are forced to be relocated 31 Indu
30、ctive reasoning involves making useful generalization about the environment(A)as a whole, based on a necessarily limited number of observations.(B)As so, it is an important tool that people(C)use to build the models of reality they need to function effectively.(D)While conclusions can be wrong if ob
31、servations are faulty or are drawn from an unrepresentative sample, if properly used, it can be incredibly powerful. 32 In addition, findings reveal that males receive more teacher attention than females, boys receive more specific comments about their academic performance,(A)that there are differen
32、ces(B)favoring males in task assignment, in(C)teachers expectation of students behavior based on gender, as well as in such areas as overall curriculum design, classroom activities, and educational tracking(particularly in math, science, vocational courses,(D)and extracurricular activities). 33 A hi
33、gh life expectancy coupled with a high crude birthrate(A)makes it difficult to increase per capita GNR. Finally, people have different views on(B)what is the proper rate of population. Some feel that the earth is too crowded already and(C)that societies should work for zero population growth the con
34、dition in which the average number of births and deaths(D)balances so that a populations stops growing. 34 Legally, the term refers to “any substance, with(A)intended use, which results or may reasonably be expected to result directly or indirectly(B)from its becoming a component or(C)otherwise affe
35、cting the characteristics of any food“. This definition includes any substance used in the production, processing,(D)treatment, packaging, transportation or storage of food. 35 That was a man-made disaster that clearly(A)could have averted if the federal government, specifically the Federal Emergenc
36、y Management Agency,(B)had quickly marshaled(C)the political will and resources to evacuate those without access to cars, instead of promoting on its Web site a faith-based charity(D)that was clearly no match for the problem. 36 The English speaker has(A)at his disposal a vocabulary and a set of gra
37、mmatical rules which(B)enable him to communicate his thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to(C)the other English speakers. His vocabulary, in particular,(D)both that which he uses actively and that which he recognizes, increases in size as he grows old, as a result of education and experie
38、nce. 37 Any observer will agree that not all that(A)surrounds non-remunerated donation(B)is completely altruistic and that sometimes too much use(C)is made in some countries of forms of compensation of gratification that(D)is not monetary but nevertheless have value. 38 One major obstacle(A)to econo
39、mic development is population growth.(B)The populations of most developing countries grow at a rate much faster than(C)that of industrialized countries. One reason for this growth is the high crude birth-rate the number of(D)live births per 1,000 people. 39 Television is one of the means(A)by which
40、these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before(B)its served so much to connect different(C)peoples and nations(D)as in the recent events in Europe. 40 Surely it should be obvious the dimmest executive(A)that trust, that most valuable of economic assets,(B)is easily destroyed and hu
41、gely expensive to restore and that(C)few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data(D)getting into the wrong hands. 三、 Reading Comprehension 40 Students of the great society, looking at mankind in the long perspective of history, have frequently been dispo
42、sed to seek an explanation of existing cultural differences among races and peoples in some single dominating cause or condition. One school of thought has found that explanation in climate and in the physical environment. Another school has sought an explanation of divergent cultures in the innate
43、qualities of races biologically inherited. These two theories have this in common, namely, that they both conceive civilization and society to be the result of evolutionary processes processes by which man has acquired new inheritable traits rather than processes by which new relations have been est
44、ablished between men. In contrast to both of these, there is the catastrophic theory of civilization. From this point of view, climate and innate racial traits, important as they may have been in the evolution of races, have been of only minor influence in creating existing cultural differences. In
45、fact, races and cultures, so far from being in any sense identical or even the products of similar conditions and forces are perhaps to be set over against one another as contrast effects, the results of antagonistic tendencies, so that civilization may be said to flourish at the expense of racial d
46、ifferences rather than to be conserved by them. At any rate, if it is true that races are the products of isolation and inbreeding, it is just as certain that civilization, on the other hand, is a consequence of contact and communication. The forces which have been decisive in the history of mankind
47、 are those which have brought men together in fruitful competition, conflict, and cooperation. Among the most important of these influences have been according to what I have called the catastrophic theory of progress migration and the incidental collisions, conflicts, and fusions of people and cult
48、ure which they have occasioned. “Every advance in culture, “ says Bucher, in his Industrial Evolution, “commences, so to speak, with a new period of wandering, “ and in support of this thesis he points out that the earlier forms of trade were migratory, that the first industries to free themselves f
49、rom the household husbandry and become independent occupations were carried on itinerantly. “The great founders of religion, the earliest poets and philosophers, the musicians and actors of past epochs, are all great wanderers. Even today, do not the inventor, the preacher of a new doctrine, and the virtuoso travel from place to place in search of adherents and admirers notwithstanding the immense recent development in the means of communicating inf
