1、2008年中国社会科学院考博英语真题试卷及答案解析(总分：136.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.Although Asia has recently seen the strengthening of the monsoons in most parts of India and Pakistan, the present climatological trend seems to indicate that the monsoon pattern, which is quite complex, is being
2、 disrupted .（分数：2.00）A.disturbedB.distractedC.dispersedD.dispelled2.A firms public image, if it is good, should be treasured and protected. It is a valuable asset that usually is built up over a long and satisfying relationship of a firm with its public.（分数：2.00）A.pretextB.enlightenmentC.adornmentD.
3、advantage3.Some of my colleagues have been extremely zealous in their attempts to get smoking banned in the office.（分数：2.00）A.ardentB.collaborativeC.divisiveD.arduous4.We need to free young men from a destructive culture of manhood that impedes their capacity to feel other peoples hurt, to know othe
4、rs sadness.（分数：2.00）A.permeatesB.deformsC.hindersD.expels5.The Taliban once controlled much of this trade, but the recent power vacuum could exacerbate the problem.（分数：2.00）A.abateB.aggravateC.evokeD.evade6.A fourth grader can work at a fifth-grade level in math and a third-grade level in English wi
5、thout the stigma associated with being left back or the pressures of being skipped ahead.（分数：2.00）A.slanderB.disgraceC.reverenceD.retaliation7.Writing a book in 1968 on the morality of abortionhe describes his stance as “conservative pro-choice“ Callahan hit on the idea for a think tank on biomedica
6、l ethics.（分数：2.00）A.argumentB.normC.positionD.version8.But the insidious nature of the virus, its capacity to spread and kill remained, and its lingering mysteries how its transmitted, why its more virulent in some people than others, how its best treated have public-health experts discernibly worri
7、ed and unapologetic for erring on the side of caution.（分数：2.00）A.conciseB.equivalentC.morbidD.pestilent9.Since its foundation in 1945, the United Nations has written into its major covenants the need to establish minimum ages for marriage, but the custom of marriage is a highly sensitive cultural is
8、sue, mainly because it is so unpleasantly involved with womens rights and societal traditions and practices, and rules on marriage vary widely between countries.（分数：2.00）A.attackB.agreementC.diatribeD.directory10.Again when we report or describe our thinking to other people we do not merely report u
9、nspoken words and sentences. Such sentences do not always occur in thinking, and when they do they are merged with vague imagery and the hint of unconscious or subliminal activities.（分数：2.00）A.unintentionalB.flagrantC.easefulD.unanimous11.The abacus is the counting frame that was the most widely use
10、d device for doing arithmetic in ancient times and whose use_into modern times in the Orient.（分数：2.00）A.erodedB.yearnedC.persistedD.tumbled12.Photographs taken by the investigators demonstrate in startling detail the monumental damage _on the World Trade Center towers and buildings in the vicinity.（
11、分数：2.00）A.inflictedB.tossedC.disposedD.paralyzed13.Many studies indicate that those who have more education tend to be less prejudiced. However, the variables of income, social status, and intelligence that usually accompany higher education tend to cloud the_of education alone in reducing prejudice
12、.（分数：2.00）A.traitB.normC.notionD.efficacy14.He feels uneasy when his feelings and beliefs toward the group are inconsistent, and he tries to bring them into_.（分数：2.00）A.presumptionB.contradictionC.congruenceD.compromise15._plans are made to overcome water shortages. Huge dams are built, expensive de
13、salination plants are cultivated, and bizarre schemes to tow icebergs round the world are worked out. But the problem remains.（分数：2.00）A.GrandioseB.PervasiveC.DrasticD.Detrimental16.Although at the_these schools were attended by only a tiny percentage of the population, numbers increased during the
14、19 th century as waves of immigrants entered.（分数：2.00）A.setbackB.outsetC.outletD.sequence17.Fierce storms have been_rescue efforts and theres now little chance of finding more survivors.（分数：2.00）A.hamperingB.bewilderingC.tanglingD.blundering18.The protest went ahead despite government assurances tha
15、t they would press for_with the neighboring country in the issuing of visas.（分数：2.00）A.prestigeB.constraintC.retaliationD.reciprocity19.Much personal information about individuals is now stored in computer files. An unauthorized person with access to this information could use it for blackmail. Also
16、, confidential information about a companys products or operations can be stolen and sold to_competitors.（分数：2.00）A.cynicalB.unscrupulousC.apathetic:D.enterprising20.In most developing societies women do not have_access to education. Nearly two thirds of the worlds 800 million illiterates are women,
17、 and almost everywhere males are given preference in education and vocational training.（分数：2.00）A.tangibleB.equitableC.pertinentD.lavish二、Grammar(总题数：20，分数：40.00)21.The biggest problem facing Chile as it promotes itself as a tourist destination to be reckoned _, is that it is at the end of the earth
18、. It is too far south to be a convenient way from the big tourist markets, unlike Mexico, for example.（分数：2.00）A.byB.asC.withD.along22.If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you_now.（分数：2.00）A.wouldnt be smilingB.couldnt have smiledC.wont smileD.didnt smile23.Weis said the ins
19、titute is working together with the American Geological Institute and the National Association of Biology Teachers and its 80-plus member organizations to address the political and legislative threats_evolution.（分数：2.00）A.to teachingB.to teachC.for teachingD.teaching24.It would be difficult for a ma
20、n of his political affiliation, _, to become a senator from the South.（分数：2.00）A.no mater he has charm and capabilityB.though charming and capable is heC.however charming and capableD.charming and having capability25.Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way you can avoid it_you
21、can avoid being hungry.（分数：2.00）A.much more thanB.no more thanC.any more thanD.no less than26.Sometimes Americans are said to be_. Perhaps it seems so, but they are probably just having a good time. Just like anywhere else, it takes time to become real friends with people in the U.S.（分数：2.00）A.super
22、ficial friendB.superficial friendlyC.superficially friendD.superficially friendly27.The system has a different morality as a group than the people do as individuals, which permits it to_ineffective or dangerous products, deal dictatorially and often unfairly with suppliers, pay bribes for business,
23、abrogate the rights of employees by demanding blind loyalty to management or tamper with the democratic process of government through illegal political contributions.（分数：2.00）A.willfully produceB.a willful produceC.willing produceD.a willing produce28.Each stage of malleability allows the glass to b
24、e manipulated into various forms, by different techniques, and if suddenly_the object retains the shape_at that point. Glass is thus amenable to a greater number of heat-forming techniques than most other materials.（分数：2.00）A.cooling, achievingB.cooled, achievedC.cooled, achievingD.cooling, achieved
25、29.Only Germany, with incentives to business to encourage the employment of older people, and France, with the introduction of legislation making it illegal to use age barriers in recruitment_to make employees redundant because of their age_done anything substantive to combat age discrimination.（分数：
26、2.00）A.as, hasB.as, haveC.or, hasD.or, have30.Not too many years ago it seemed obvious both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed peoples natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin and neighbors, and substituted_superficial relationships with passin
27、g acquaintances.（分数：2.00）A.in their place forB.in its place forC.in their placeD.in place31.Leadership A is all about getting people B consistent to give their best, helping them to grow to C their fullest potential , and motivating them to work toward a common goal. Leaders make the right things ha
28、ppen when they D are supposed to .（分数：2.00）_32.Most speakers are not using the second language alongside the first A one on a daily basis instead, the influence on the second language “trickles down“ from the elite class to B the masses . In cases like this, C what trickles down most easily are isol
29、ated words, rather than the things that are harder to pick up from a foreign language. Such as word order and endings, D that require the hang of.（分数：2.00）_33.What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of A freedoms fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying the great theme
30、 of individuals B struggle for their rights . and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that C brought with it amazing technological advances that D helped expand the growth of freedom.（分数：2.00）_34.Therefore, A since technical advances in food production an
31、d B processing will perhaps be needed to ensure C food availability , meeting food needs will depend D much more on equalizing economic power among the various segments of the populations within the developing countries themselves.（分数：2.00）_35.If it is accepted that the basic function of a financial
32、 market is A to supply industry and commerce B with finance in order to achieve C desired rates of growth , it can be said that D concentrating on the market for its own sake the City has tended to forget that basic function.（分数：2.00）_36.When A putting B in historical perspective , from the time of
33、Franklin Roosevelts New Deal to C the present , the D fallen status of government as a protector and benefactor is extraordinary.（分数：2.00）_37.A Since it is necessary for about nine-tenths of the volume of sea water to evaporate for rock salt to be formed, it is believed that the thick rock rock-salt
34、 beds that are found B were deposited C in D what are used to be partly enclosed seas.（分数：2.00）_38.Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul“ is debatable; A that they are B intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a babys life, C the stimuli t
35、hat produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes D need not be real; a mask with two dots will produce a smile.（分数：2.00）_39.The railroad A is simultaneously stripped the landscape of the natural resources, made velocity of transport and economy of scale B necessary parts of industrial production; an
36、d carried consumer goods to households: C it dispatched immigrants to unsettled places, D drew emigrants away from farms and villages to cities, and sent men and guns to battle.（分数：2.00）_40.Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, A nor will the sight of only one
37、 eye when the face is presented B in profile . This C attraction to eyes D opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures.（分数：2.00）_三、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Here, the very important concept of the tool must enter into our consideration of purposive action. The primary form o
38、f the teleological sequence is that in which our action produces reactions in an external object, and these reactions, following a course determined by their own nature. Culminate in the desired effects. The use of tools involves interposing another factor between the subject and this object, a fact
39、or that occupies an intermediate position not only in terms of space and time but also in terms of its content. For on the one hand a tool is a mere object which is mechanically effective, but on the other hand it is also an object that we not merely operate upon, but operate with, as with our own h
40、ands. The tool is an intensified instrument, for its form and existence are predetermined by the end. Whereas in the primary teleological process natural objects are only later made to serve our purposes. The person who plants a seed in order to enjoy the fruit of the plant at a later date, instead
41、of being satisfied with wild fruits, acts teleologically, but the purposive action is limited to his hand. If, however, he uses a spade and hoe he removes himself further from the point at which natural processes operate by themselves, and he enhances the subjective factor in relation to the objecti
42、ve factor. By using tools we deliberately add a new link to the chain of purposive action, thus showing that the straight road is not always the shortest. The tool is typical of what we might call our creations in the external world; on the one hand it is formed exclusively by our own powers, and on
43、 the other it is devoted entirely to our own purposes. Because the tool is not itself an end it lacks the relative independence that the end implies, either as an absolute value or as something that will produce an effect upon us; it is an absolute means. The principle of the tool is not only effect
44、ive in the physical world. Where self-interest is not focused directly upon material production, but mental conditions or non-material events are involved, the tool attains a still more refined form, inasmuch as it is now really the creation of our will and does not have to compromise with the attri
45、butes of a material substance that is fundamentally alien to purpose. The most typical instances of this kind of tool are perhaps social institutions, by means of which the individual can attain ends for which his personal abilities would never suffice. Membership of a state provides the protection
46、that is a prerequisite for most individual purposive action; but leaving aside this most general aspect, the particular institutions of civil law make possible for the individual achievements that would otherwise be denied to him. In the roundabout legal forms of contract, testament, adoption, etc, the individual possesses a collectively established tool that multiplies his own powers, extends their effectiveness and secures their ends. Fortuitous elements are elimin
