1、2008年同济大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally_. （ A） deteriorated （ B） dispersed （ C） dissipated （ D） drained 2 Before we move, we should_some of the old furniture, so that we can have more room in the new house. （ A） cancel （ B） concea
2、l （ C） discard （ D） retain 3 Very few people could understand the lecture the professor delivered because its subject was very_. （ A） obscure （ B） indefinite （ C） dubious （ D） intriguing 4 Please dont_too much on the painful memories. Everything will be all right. （ A） hesitate （ B） finger （ C） reta
3、in （ D） dwell 5 He didnt mention your name but I was sure he was_to you. （ A） intimating （ B） inferring （ C） alluding （ D） suggesting 6 The hands on my alarm clock are_, so I can see what time it is in the dark. （ A） exotic （ B） gorgeous （ C） luminous （ D） spectacular 7 No form of government in the
4、world is_; each system reflects the history and presents needs of the region and the nation. （ A） dominant （ B） influential （ C） integral （ D） drastic 8 Mutual respect for territorial_ is one of the bases upon which our two countries develop relationships. （ A） unity （ B） integrity （ C） entirely （ D
5、） reliability 9 The losing candidate_immediately after the polls had closed. （ A） confessed （ B） conceded （ C） concurred （ D） admitted 10 We have to_the routine expenditure, otherwise it will be impossible for us to afford a car. （ A） decline （ B） condense （ C） curtail （ D） dwindle 11 Tom was accuse
6、d of_against black persons, that is to say, he looks down upon them. （ A） discriminating （ B） distinguishing （ C） distressing （ D） disguising 12 Since the two countries couldnt_their differences, they decided to stop their negotiations. （ A） rectify （ B） oblige （ C） reconcile （ D） obscure 13 It was_
7、to continue the negotiation since both sides lack the sincerity. （ A） fertile （ B） futile （ C） fugitive （ D） fussy 14 It is advisable to_an electric wire with rubber in order to secure safety. （ A） desolate （ B） resolute （ C） insolate （ D） insulate 15 The heavy snow_travel, so he had to stay here fo
8、r more days. （ A） impeached （ B） impelled （ C） impeded （ D） imparted 16 The dictators first step was to_the free press. （ A） strangle （ B） strand （ C） stratify （ D） estrange 17 After the disaster of flood, people all over the village made_effort to rebuild their home. （ A） superfluous （ B） tenuous （
9、 C） strenuous （ D） fatuous 18 I_my excitement about the upcoming holiday. （ A） crush （ B） subdue （ C） conquer （ D） tranquilize 19 This method_my headache. It really takes effect. （ A） soothes （ B） sobers （ C） soars （ D） soaks 20 The farmer warned those children not to_on the corn. （ A） collapse （ B）
10、 stripe （ C） stride （ D） tramp 二、 Reading Comprehension 20 Forty years ago no one was concerned about the health of the ocean, in spite of the fact that many fisheries were being over-harvested, toxic wastes were being dumped in the sea, and developers were beginning to seriously disrupt coastlines.
11、 In those days, the magnitude of the problems was small, even though it was obvious that if the trends continued people would face severe economic and personal hardship in the future. People just didnt understand, nor did they care. Unfortunately many of our concerns were realized, but the situation
12、 could have been much worse, had we, and others, not taken action to inform people about the ocean and the need to protect it. During our campaign to share the wonders of the sea and alert the public about the need to protect it, we have used every medium availablepersonal appearances, the printed w
13、ord, and television. Now there is a new medium that is even more effective than its predecessors. Thanks to the Internet and computers, people can not only receive linear stories, but they can actually participate in them, exploring and learning at their own pace and as their curiosity dictates. I a
14、m tremendously impressed with the personalization of what had been labeled by skeptics as the most impersonal medium yet developed. For these reasons I have made a major commitment of time and resources to dive into this sea of electronic marvels. Im swimming hard to keep up, but when I look around
15、I find Im not alone. We are all learning together and it is an adventure I am finding immensely rewarding. I have been encouraged by our first modest dunking in this new world; We recently completed a CD-ROM, Jean-Michel Cousteaus World: Cities Under the Sea-Coral Reefs. A couple of months ago I was
16、 in Fiji to celebrate the 1997 International Year of the Reef and presented our Cities under the Sea CD-ROM to a group of children. I was impressed to see how quickly they grasped our concepts and how they directed their own learning process, thanks to the flexibility of the medium. It was particula
17、rly exciting to see kids squeal with delight as they responded to questions and the computer rewarded them when they got the correct answers. I want young people to experience the mystery and wonder of our oceans. I want them to understand how precious and vulnerable our environment is. Young people
18、 need to be taught to take responsibility for ensuring that their heritage will be protected and used wisely. Hopefully the next generation will do a better job than mine has. I believe individuals must be personally involved and I am counting on the Internet to be the medium through which people ca
19、n experience, learn, and take action I am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better futureit is too important to be left to bureaucrats and politicians. 21 Forty years ago people were indifferent to the health of the ocean because_. （ A） the ocean was immune to any p
20、ollution then （ B） they didnt know what would come of if the ocean was deadly disrupted （ C） there was no computer then （ D） there wasnt any problem with the ocean at that time 22 The last sentence of the 2nd paragraph tells us that the writer believes that_. （ A） the computer is as smart as human b
21、eings （ B） the computer is friendly with human beings （ C） human beings can interact with the computer and do what they want at their will （ D） human beings have not used the computer to its fullest advantage 23 The writer went to Fiji to_. （ A） participate in a celebration （ B） teach children there
22、 how to use the computer （ C） make an adventure in the sea （ D） spend the holiday on the seashore 24 The writers attitude to the prospect of the ocean is_. （ A） desperate （ B） unconcerned （ C） optimistic （ D） pragmatic 25 According to the passage, who shall we fall back on for a better future for th
23、e environment? （ A） Our predecessors. （ B） Politicians. （ C） Computers. （ D） Young people. 25 The field of sociology in the United States developed as a result of a social experience which had very little to do with the political and ideological controversies that stimulated sociology in France and
24、Germany. Rather, the discipline evolved as a result of the experiences associated with the problems of an immigrant society caught in the turmoil of rapid industrialization and urban growth. Indeed, it must be emphasized that from its beginning, sociology has had a very practical interest, which was
25、 characterized less by political divisiveness than by social reform and social work. This practical emphasis in the discipline has continued to persist to the present. It has only been since World War II, however, that there has existed something in American higher education that could be properly t
26、ermed a “sociological establishment“ or a highly respected academic field of study. Its major strength as an academic discipline resulted from its empirical and sophisticated approach to the identification and solution of practical but highly significant social problems. Today, what does the academi
27、c sociologist do? Professional sociologists are individuals who study and teach about societies, social institutions, and the patterns of human interaction and human behavior. As a scientific discipline, sociology may be divided into three broad, analytical fields; the study of groups; institutions
28、analysis; and the study of the social structure in general. Thus, the content of the rapidly expanding discipline of sociology is based upon culture and society, with emphasis placed upon the study of the various types of interaction and relationships which exist among individuals and human groups.
29、In the study of such areas as social organization and disorganization, sociologists attempted to explain the evolution and change of social institutions and the changing nature of human attitudinal and value systems. Among the selected topics of investigation included within the study of sociology a
30、re the changing nature of family life, institutional life, sexual attitudes, crime and violence, religious values, and the entire gamut of interpersonal relationships in politics and government. Indeed, many of the areas which professional sociologists study are, by their very nature, relatively fam
31、iliar to many of us even though they are not clearly understood. The basic hypotheses of the disciplinethat social life(both group and individual behavior)is patterned! that value and attitudes are learned, reinforced, and shared; that we as individuals are, in many respects, what others consider us
32、 to beare ideas which most people now instinctively accept in order to live and function as members of society. These topics, which emphasize individual and group behavior processes, then, comprise areas of concern for sociology as one of the behavior science disciplines. During these last decades o
33、f the twentieth century advanced Western society will continue to be confronted with crucial social issues in the context of both individual and group behavior patterns resulting from continued rapid technological expansion. The solution to the problem plaguing our complex society will become, to a
34、much greater extent, the primary responsibility of sociology, social psychology, and cultural anthropology, the three major academic disciplines comprising the behavioral sciences. This trend is being witnessed currently by the increasing numbers of behavioral scientists that are being employed by g
35、overnment, by business and industry, by hospitals and other agencies devoted to problems of health care, by welfare agencies, by public educational systems, and by many other types of organizations in which some systematic knowledge of human behavior is required. 26 The primary purpose of the passag
36、e is to_. （ A） distinguish sociology in the United States from sociology in France and Germany （ B） compare sociology with social psychology and cultural anthropology （ C） provide a general discussion of modern Western sociology and its significance （ D） show that sociology is the study of social in
37、stitutions 27 Which of the following statements about sociology would the author be most likely to disagree with? （ A） Most sociologists are interested in theoretical rather than practical questions. （ B） There is a discernable structure to everyones behavior. （ C） Human behavior can be systematical
38、ly studied. （ D） Ones self-image is not encoded genetically. 28 It can be inferred from the passage that social psychology and cultural anthropology （ A） are subareas of sociology （ B） are other names for sociology （ C） will achieve the academic respectability of sociology （ D） may be consulted for
39、solutions to sociology problems 29 Which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with? （ A） Sociology theory is rarely based on empirical evidence. （ B） The problems facing sociologists do not change as times change. （ C） The problems of immigrants in a new culture stimulate s
40、ociological research. （ D） There are factors in interpersonal relationships that are not of interests to the sociologist. 30 The word “empirical“ in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_. （ A） relating to experience and observation （ B） relating to behavior and manner （ C） concerning academy （ D） re
41、lying on education 30 Having a few too many drinks can mean more than just a blackout or a bad hangover. People who engage in binge drinking are courting danger, experts warn. Binge drinking is most common at colleges and universities, where many adults treat drinking to excess as a rite of passage.
42、 A 1997 study from the Harvard School of Public Health reports that 42. 7% of all college students engage in binge drinking. The well-publicized deaths of several college students from binge drinking in 1997 highlights the risks. An 18-year-old freshman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology d
43、rank himself into a coma and died. A 20-year-old fraternity pledge at Louisiana State University died from alcohol poisoning. “Alcohol is always toxic. Its really a poison,“ said Steven Schandler, professor of psychology at Chapman University and chief of addiction research at the Long Beach Veteran
44、s Affairs Health Care System, who added that binge drinking can lead to alcohol poisoning. “Because its a poison, like any other poison, if you take in a little bit, you might tolerate it, but if you take in a lot, you might die. “ Administrators and doctors say that college freshmen are especially
45、at risk for alcohol poisoning, in part because they often lack the maturity to refrain or stop. And for some who may be new to drinking, their bodies have a relatively low tolerance for alcohol. But problems with alcohol arent limited to teenagers and young adults. A 39-year-old Buena Park man recen
46、tly recalled that two days of steady imbibing on a trip to Las Vegas several years ago left him in bad shape. Doctors say blood alcohol levels of about 4%five times the legal intoxication limit of 0. 8%can induce potentially lethal side effects in most people. Alcoholics have higher limits. Although
47、 not well understood, enzymes that break down and expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys do so more effectively in seasoned drinkers, allowing them to tolerate more, Schandler said. Regardless of a persons tolerance, alcohol exerts its influence when the amount of alcohol taken in exceeds the amount
48、 that the body can digest. At that point, alcohol passes from the bloodstream into the brain and begins its attack. Alcohol first affects the brains cortex, which controls more sophisticated thought processes. Thats why people generally become less inhibited under the influence of alcohol, and some
49、are more willing to try things that could be dangerous to themselves or others. Coordination, mainly controlled by the cerebellum, is the next to go, leading to slurred speech and difficulty walking in a straight line. As excessive drinking continues, alcohol moves deeper into the brain until “it gets to the very basic structure of the brain stem that affects things like respiration and heart beat,“ said Dr. Bret Ginther, an assistant
