1、2009年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persua
2、sive salesmanship“ to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money. Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands
3、 of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first try to fred out what the consumer wants
4、 to buy and then go about making it according to consumer demand. This concept does not imply that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business activity-the fkrrn and the customer. Each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successfu
5、l merchants and producer and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding customers. This concept has been recognized in such slogans as “Have It Your Way“ and “Youre the Boss“. A good exam
6、ple of the importance of satisfying the consumer presented itself in mid 1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new
7、. King customer ruled ! 1 A good knowledge of the difference between marketing and selling leads to_ （ A） the efficient production of goods （ B） a perfect command of salesmanship （ C） a basic command of the marketing concept （ D） the conversion of goods into money 2 Not too long ago, industries focu
8、sed on_ （ A） producing and selling goods （ B） the needs and wants of customers （ C） the selling of new products （ D） moving goods to the market 3 The very core of marketing lies in _ （ A） all understanding of consumer needs （ B） the efficient movement of goods （ C） developing new wants for consumer
9、goods （ D） making goods readily available to customers 4 A successful business deal can take place only when_ （ A） the customer is satisfied at the expense of the company （ B） a company makes a big profit （ C） consumer satisfaction and company profit are given equal importance （ D） priority is given
10、 to the requirements of the customer 5 The last sentence of the passage suggests that _ （ A） the consumer should be allowed to do things his own way （ B） the consumer should be treated like a king （ C） the consumer should have the final say in the selling of any product （ D） the consumer should be a
11、dvised on what to buy 5 For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon (干扰素 ), a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no
12、negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world. The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species of specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species c
13、annot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so powerful that the amount given each patient per injection is very sma
14、ll. Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevents the multiplication of viruses within cells. As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Stra
15、nder, research physician at Swedens famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who has undergone surgical procedures for advanced cancer, half were given interferon. The survival rate over a three-year period w
16、as 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who have received the conventional treatments. In the United States, a large-scale project supported by the American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, interfer
17、on could become one of the greatest medical discoveries of our time. 6 In what does interferon differ from antibiotics? （ A） Interferon has serious side effects, whereas antibiotics do not. （ B） Interferon is available in large supply, whereas antibiotics are not. （ C） Antibiotics are very effective
18、, while interferon is not. （ D） Antibiotics kill germs by attacking them directly, while interferon does not. 7 What effect does interferon have on infection? （ A） It provokes a negative reaction. （ B） It keeps healthy cells from becoming infected. （ C） It causes healthy cells to grow. （ D） It attac
19、ks viruses. 8 Interferon is produced by _ （ A） infecting viruses, bacteria, and tumors with a drug （ B） infecting proteins with a virus （ C） infecting white blood cells with a virus （ D） infecting viruses with proteins 9 Interferon has not been widely used because it is _ （ A） still very dangerous （
20、 B） not yet available in the United States （ C） difficult to produce in large quantities （ D） not effective for human beings 10 Which of the following is true of the results of Dr. Stranders experiments? （ A） Both interferon and conventional treatments should be used to ensure the survival of the pa
21、tients. （ B） At the end of three years, only ten to thirty percent of the patients who had not received interferon died. （ C） Only the patients who received interferon survived. （ D） Most of the patients who were treated with interferon survive 10 The biosphere is the name biologists give to the sor
22、t of skin on the surface of this planet that is inhabitable by living organisms. Most land creatures occupy only the interface between the atmosphere and the land; birds extend their range for a few hundred feet into the atmosphere; burrowing invertebrates (无脊椎动物 ) such as earthworms may reach a few
23、 yards into the soil but rarely penetrate farther unless, it has been recently disturbed by men. Fish cover a wider range, from just beneath the surface of the sea to those depths of greater than a mile inhabited by specialized creatures. Fungi (真菌 ) and bacteria are plentiful in the atmosphere to a
24、 height of about half a mile, blown there by winds from the lower air. Balloon exploration of the stratosphere (同温 层 ) as long ago as 1936 indicated that moulds and bacteria could be found at heights of several miles, recently the USAs National Aeronautics and Space Administration has detected them,
25、 in decreasing numbers, at heights up to eighteen miles. They are pretty sparse at such levels, about one for every two thousand cubic feet, compared with 50 to 100 per cubic foot at two to six miles (the usual altitude of jet aircraft), and they are almost certainly in an inactive state. Marine bac
26、teria have been detected at the bottom of the deep Pacific trench, sometimes as deep as seven miles; they are certainly not inactive. Living microbes have also been obtained on land from cores of rock drilled (while prospecting for oil) at depths of as much as 1,200 feet. Thus we can say, disregardi
27、ng the exploits of astronauts, that the biosphere has a maximum thickness of about twenty-five miles. Active living processes occur only within a compass of about seven miles, in the sea, on land and in the lower atmosphere, but the majority of living creatures live within a zone of a hundred feet o
28、r so. If this planet were sealed down to the size of an orange, the biosphere, at its extreme width, would occupy the thickness of the orange-colored skin, excluding the pith. In this tiny zone of our planet takes place the multitude of chemical and biological activities that we call life. The way i
29、n which living creatures interact with each other, depend on each other or compete with each other, has fascinated thinkers since the beginning of recorded history. Living things exist in a fine balance which is often taken for granted, from a practical point of view, things could not be otherwise.
30、Yet it is a source of continual amazement to scientists because of its intricacy and delicacy. The balance of nature is obvious most often when it is disturbed. Yet even here it can seem remarkable how quickly it readjusts itself to a new balance after a disturbance. The science of ecology-the study
31、 of the interaction of organisms with their environment-has grown up to deal with the minutiae of the balance of nature. 11 According to the passage, the “biosphere“ is the layer on the earths surface_ （ A） where the atmosphere meets the sea （ B） in which birds, fish and animals would die （ C） in wh
32、ich plant and animal life can exist （ D） in which earthworms and other invertebrates can live 12 The writer states that fungi and bacteria_ （ A） are only found below the normal altitude ofjet planes （ B） have been found well at the normal altitude of jet planes （ C） are not found below the surface o
33、f the earth （ D） are mainly found below the surface of the earth 13 The passage says that the biosphere_ （ A） extends only 1,200 feet below the earths surface （ B） is about seven miles in width （ C） is as much as twenty-five miles in thickness （ D） is a zone only about one hundred feet wide 14 Accor
34、ding to the text, the balance of nature is_ （ A） something which we should not take for granted （ B） most frequently apparent when it is upset （ C） only now becoming of interest to scientists （ D） very difficult to preserve 15 The writer says that ecology is primarily concerned with the_ （ A） free d
35、etails of the balance of nature （ B） role of organisms in the environment （ C） way living creatures compete with each other （ D） way nature readjusts to a new balance 15 As children get older, self-discipline should take the place of imposed discipline. Constrains become internalized and children be
36、gin to weigh from within the validity of their promptings (敦 促 ) . But their tendency to be self-critical, to develop a code of their own, depends on the extent to which they must have kept critical company. The dialogue within reflects the dialogue without that is why discussion is so important dur
37、ing adolescence. Those in authority over children will, therefore, attempt to get children to do what is sensible by appealing to their common sense instead of ordering them around or appealing to their own status. They will not say, “Im your father and Im telling you not to smoke,“ but will point o
38、ut the dangers involved. It is a further question, however, whether a childs acceptance of good reasons should be the criterion for his action. If a parent explains to a child why it is stupid and wrong to put objects on railway lines, and yet sees him doing so, will he stand aside and reflect that
39、the boy is learning to choose? Parents must weigh their own fundamental principles against what is instructive for their children. Example, of course, is crucial. Parents and others must provide a pattern out of which the child can eventually develop his own style of self-regulation. This is not lik
40、ely to happen unless exercise of authority is rationalized and sensitively adapted to age, to persons, and to the tasks in hand. For the young will tightly rebel against the irrational expression of a traditional status. In brief, teachers and parents must learn to be in authority without being auth
41、oritarian. 16 When children get older,_ （ A） they begin to consider everything carefully with their own standard （ B） serf-discipline becomes a conscious or unconscious part of themselves （ C） they tend to rebel against senseless expression of authority （ D） all of the above 17 The sentence “their t
42、endency to be serf-critical, depends on the extent to which they must have kept critical company“ could be best interpreted as _ （ A） the outside world can exert great influence on the development of children （ B） children are willing to follow teachers instruction （ C） both teachers and parents sho
43、uld exercise authority （ D） teachers and parents should have talks with children regularly 18 Which of the following is implied but not mentioned? （ A） Discussion with children is important when they get older. （ B） Parents and others should set examples for children to follow. （ C） As children get
44、older imposed discipline becomes a part of themselves. （ D） When children are not older, they should be forced to accept some training which develops self-control. 19 The authors style of this passage can best be described as_ （ A） ironic （ B） formal （ C） informal （ D） reserved 20 The title below th
45、at best expresses the idea of this passage is_ （ A） Self-discipline or Imposed Discipline （ B） How to Educate Children （ C） Authority Not Authoritarian （ D） Example of Parents Is Crucial to Children 二、 Structure and Vocabulary 21 His constant attempts to _ his colleagues achievement eventually cause
46、d his dismissal. （ A） withdraw （ B） diminish （ C） restrain （ D） confine 22 The Supreme Court _ the judgment of the lower court in that case last week. （ A） amplified （ B） affirmed （ C） ascended （ D） applauded 23 The doctor promised that this medicine would _ the pain in the stomach. （ A） affirmed （
47、B） agitated （ C） alleviate （ D） allocate 24 The apartment was _at $20,000 and its owner was happy about that. （ A） assaulted （ B） assessed （ C） asserted （ D） avenged 25 In order to help the students get a better understanding of the new conception, the professor it with many examples. （ A） enchanted
48、 （ B） dissipated （ C） eliminated （ D） illustrated 26 The _of his first novel appeared in The Times yesterday; no doubt he was very happy to see that. （ A） survey （ B） inspection （ C） appraisal （ D） review 27 After the concert, the clean-up crew found the ground _ with papers, bottles and cans. （ A）
49、scrubbed （ B） used （ C） littered （ D） dispersed 28 The new policy has_a large amount of investment for industry and business in this city. （ A） acquainted （ B） adhered （ C） activated （ D） asserted 29 The two countries were fighting severely to _ every inch of the land. （ A） intervene （ B） contest （ C） imperil （ D） inhabit 30 They _for an early end to the fighting which had brought about a great loss to the city. （ A） petitioned （ B） reasoned （ C） r
