1、2010年北京航空航天大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) a
2、nd a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses- all of which led to
3、modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modem inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability. Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of
4、 height, intelligence, or grade level - variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum - or the data may represent qualitative variable, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are c
5、omprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data. Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the
6、unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vac
7、cinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose o
8、f inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population. (328 words) 1 Which of the following are counting and describing associated with? （ A） Descriptive statistics （ B） Unknown variables （ C） Quali
9、tative changes （ D） Inferential statistics 2 Why does the author mention the “mother“ and “father“ in the first paragraph? （ A） To present the background of statistics in a humorous and understandable way （ B） To point out that parent can teach their children statistics （ C） To explain that there ar
10、e different kinds of variables （ D） To introduce inferential statistics 3 Which of the following is true of descriptive statistics? （ A） It leads to increased variability （ B） It solves all numerical problems （ C） It simplifies unwieldy masses of data （ D） It changes qualitative variables to quantit
11、ative variables 4 What is the purpose of examining a sample of a population? （ A） To tabulate collections on data （ B） To compare different groups （ C） To consider all the quantitative variables （ D） To predict characteristics of the entire population 5 Which of the following might be the best title
12、 for this passage? （ A） How to Use Descriptive Statistics （ B） Applications of Inferential Statistics （ C） The Development and Use of Statistics （ D） The Drawbacks of Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 5 A number of articles have been published by psychologists in favor of their procession being
13、 permitted to prescribe psychotropic (治疗精神病的 ) medications. A review of studies surveying practitioners, though, reveals that the majority of psychologists are opposed to the gaining of prescription privileges. Unless a major shift occurs in the attitudes of most psychologists on this issue, prescri
14、ption privileges could cause divisions within the field, as well as a greater division between psychologists and other professions. There has been a growing interest in psychopharmacology (心理药物学 ) among a variety of subspecialties in psychology. Therefore, before psychologists become involved in pre
15、scribing psychopharmacological agents, it is critical that licensure provisions be developed. According to psychologist Tom Kubiszyn, school psychologists, because of their training and setting, may be in a unique position to expand their competencies in the areas of pediatric medication and evaluat
16、ion procedures, particularly with schoolchildren, diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, Stephen DeMers of the University of Kentucky points out possible complications with school psychologists seeking greater involvement in psychopharmacology. School psychology progr
17、ams provide much less training and experience in psychopathology and therapeutic interventions than clinical psychology programs do. Within the field of psychology, there are varying degrees of credentials, making it difficult for clients to identify competent practitioners. For instance, in psychol
18、ogy, the public may have difficulty understanding the difference between a Psy.D, a PhD and an EdD Some psychologists have a masters degree, while others have earned certificates of advancement in areas such as drug and alcohol or family therapy. Currently, psychology licensing acts allow for the cr
19、edentialing of all psychologists with a doctoral degree, regardless of whether the individual was trained as a practitioner. Perhaps the Psy.D and PhD need to be two distinct degrees, whereby the Psy.D is for practitioners and the PhD is for researchers and academicians. The result would be differen
20、t training in psychology for the two degrees. The absence of criteria identifying the practitioner is a serious impediment for professional psychology and must be resolved before granting psychologists the right to prescribe psychotropic medication. (324 words) 6 The prescription privileges of psych
21、ologists is probably NOT the cause for_ （ A） divisions within the psychological field （ B） their overwhelming oppositions to the gaining of such a right （ C） a greater division between psychologists and other professions （ D） a greater unity between psychologists and other professions 7 It is implie
22、d in the last paragraph that_ （ A） prescribing the medication needs the identified criteria （ B） the absence of the practitioners is a serious obstacle （ C） the presence of more practitioners is a new problem （ D） identifying the practitioner is of great importance 8 The best title for this passage
23、might be _ （ A） Diversity and Unity （ B） Diversity versus Unity （ C） Psychology in Diversity （ D） ProfDiversities 9 “credentials“ in the last paragraph refers to _ （ A） professional techniques （ B） qualified certificates （ C） personal qualifications （ D） substantial formal education 10 Which of the
24、following statement about the school psychologist is TRUE? （ A） They are not competent in their treatment of schoolchildren because they havent received proper training. （ B） They have no proper credentials to justify their work in psychopharmacology. （ C） Their involvement in psychopharmacology som
25、etimes should be limited, as they are not as well trained and experienced as clinical psychologists do. （ D） They should get a Psy. Degree before they are involved in the psychological treatment of schoolchildren. 10 If a mother pushes her small son in a swing, giving only a light force each time he
26、 returns, eventually he will be swinging quite high. The child can do this for himself by using his legs to increase the motion, but both the mothers push and the childs leg movements must occur at the proper moment, or the extent of the swing will not increase. In physics, increasing the swing is i
27、ncreasing the amplitude; the length of the rope on the swing determines its natural oscillation period. This ability of an object to move periodically or to vibrate when stimulated by a force operating in its natural period is called resonance. Resonance is observed many times without consciously th
28、inking about it; for example, one may find an annoying vibration or shimmy in an automobile, caused by a loose engine mount vibrating with increasing amplitude because of an out-of-round tire. The bulge on the tire slaps the pavement with each revolution; at the natural resonance point of the engine
29、 mount, it will begin to vibrate. Such vibrations can result in considerable damage, if allowed to persist. Another destructive example of resonance is the shattering of a crystal goblet by the production of a musical tone at the natural resonant point of the goblet. The energy of the sound waves ca
30、uses vibration in the glass; as its amplitude increases, the motion in the glass exceeds the elasticity of the goblet, and it shatters. An instrument called a tachometer makes use of the principle of resonance. It consists of many tiny bars, loosely fastened together and arranged so that each bar ca
31、n slide independently of the others. Movement of the bars causes changes in a dial. When placed next to a rotating motor or engine, the tachometer picks up slight vibrations which are transferred to the resonant bars. These bars begin to move, and the resulting dial may be read to find the revolutio
32、ns per minute of the motor very quickly. (328 words) 11 An object, if moving rhythmically when stimulated in a natural period, is said to_ （ A） vibrate （ B） resonate （ C） swing （ D） oscillate 12 The distance a swing moves from its resting position is called its_ （ A） revolution （ B） movement （ C） fr
33、equency （ D） amplitude 13 A tachometer is an instrument that uses resonance to determine_ （ A） the speed of a motor in revolutions （ B） the frequency at which a motor vibrates （ C） the amplitude of an engine that oscillates （ D） the changes in a dial within a car engine 14 An annoying vibration can
34、be caused at the natural resonance of the cars engine mount _ （ A） if the engine moves too fast （ B） if the engines amplitude increases （ C） if a tire gets out of balance （ D） if a damage occurs in the engine 15 In which of the following cases is it useful to consider the relationship between the le
35、ngth of an oscillating object and its natural period? （ A） Adjusting the speed of a car （ B） Adjusting a clock pendulum （ C） Adjusting tire balance （ D） Adjusting engine mounts 15 No other country spends what we do per capita for medical care. The care available is among the best technically, even i
36、f used too lavishly and thus dangerously, but none of the countries that stand above us in healthy status have such a high proportion of medically disenfranchised persons. Given the evidence that medical care is not that valuable and access to care not that bad, it seems most unlikely that our bad s
37、howing is caused by the significant proportion who are poorly served. Other hypotheses have greater explanatory power: excessive poverty, both actual and relative, and excessive affluence. Excessive poverty is probably more prevalent in the U. S. than in any of the countries that have a better infan
38、t mortality rate and female life expectancy at birth. This is probably true also for all but four or five of the countries with a longer male life expectancy. In the notably poor countries, that exceed us in male survival, difficult living conditions are a more accepted way of life and in several of
39、 them, a good basic diet, basic medical care and basic education, and lifelong employment opportunities are an everyday fact of life. In the U.S. a national unemployment level of 10 percent may be 40 percent in the ghetto while less than 4 percent elsewhere. The countries that have surpassed us in h
40、ealth do not have such severe or entrenched problems. Nor are such a high proportion of their people involve in them. Excessive affluence is not so obvious a cause of ill health, but, at least until recently, few other nations could afford such unhealthful ways of living. Excessive intake of animal
41、protein and fats, dangerous intake of alcohol and use of tobacco and drugs (prescribed and proscribed), and dangerous recreational sports and driving habits are all possible only because of affluence. Our heritage, desires, opportunities, and our machismo, combined with the relatively low cost of ba
42、d foods and speedy vehicles, make us particularly vulnerable to our affluence. And those who are not affluent try harder. Our unacceptable health status, then, will not be improved appreciably by expanded medical resources nor by their redistribution so much as by a general at tempt to improve the q
43、uality of life for all. (373 words) 16 All of the following are mentioned in the passage as factors affecting the health of the population EXCEPT_ （ A） the availability of medical care services （ B） the genetic endowment of individuals （ C） the nations relative position in health status （ D） an indi
44、viduals own behavior 17 The author is primarily concerned with_ （ A） condemning the U. S. for its failure to provide better medical care to the poor （ B） evaluating the relative significance of factors contributing to the poor health status in the U.S. （ C） comparing the general health of the U.S. p
45、opulation with world averages （ D） advocating specific measures designed to improve the health of U.S. population 18 The passage best supports which of the following conclusions, about the relationship between per capita expenditure of the health of a population? （ A） The per capita expenditure for
46、medical care has relatively little effect on the total amount of medical care available to a popnlation. （ B） The genetic makeup of a population is a more powerful determinant of the healthof a population than the per capita expenditure for medical care. （ C） A population may have very high per capi
47、ta expenditures for medical care and yet have a lower health status than other populations with lower per capita expenditures. （ D） The higher the per capita expenditure on medical care, the more advanced is the medical technology; and the more advanced the technology, the better is the health of th
48、e population. 19 The author refers to the excessive intake of alcohol and tobacco and drug use in order _ （ A） show that some heath problems cannot be attacked by better medical care （ B） demonstrate that use of tobacco and intoxicants is detrimental to health （ C） cite examples of individual behavi
49、or that have adverse consequences for health status （ D） illustrate ways in which affluence may contribute to poor health status 20 The passage provides information to answer which of the following questions? （ A） Which is the most powerful influence on the health status of a population? （ B） Which nation in the world leads in health status? （ C） Is the life expectancy of males in the U.S. longer than of females? （ D） What are the most important genetic factors influencing the health of an individual? 二、 Structure and V
