1、北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷 17及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 In the simplest terms, a market is the place where seller meets buyer to exchange products for money. Traditional markets still function in many parts of the world. Even in the United Sates, during summer months, there are farmers markets where di
2、rect selling and buying take place between producers and consumers. Most service industries still operate at this market level. Manufacturing industries and most agricultural enterprises are more distant from the consumer. Their products pass through several hands-truckers, warehouse workers, wholes
3、alers, and retailers before reaching the final consumer. Products, or commodities are usually divided into two types: consumer and industrial. Consumer goods are those that are sold to final users, the customers. These goods include food, clothing, automobiles, television sets, appliances, and all t
4、hose things people go to stores to purchase. Industrial goods are those that are sold to companies or other businesses for use in manufacturing or other purposes. Automobile makers buy many of the parts used to assemble ears. A tire manufacturer buys rubber, synthetic or otherwise, with which to mak
5、e fires. Eventually these materials will end up in the hands of final users: the owners of the cars. The nature of industrial goods depends on the nature of the goods to be made for final users. The price of industrial goods and raw materials will influence the price of final goods, those that the c
6、onsumer buys. 1 It can be inferred that_. （ A） most of the products exchanged at traditional markets are consumer goods （ B） most of the products bought and sold at traditional markets are industrial goods （ C） most farmers lived far away from marketplaces and never sold their products directly （ D）
7、 most service industries have not yet developed mature markets for their products 2 Medical equipment sold to doctors is an instance of_. （ A） consumer product （ B） industrial product （ C） raw material （ D） direct exchanged product 3 By saying “Manufacturing industries and most agricultural enterpri
8、ses are more distant from the cen-surers“, the author means_. （ A） their products are never sold directly into consumers hands （ B） they usually build their factories far away from markets （ C） they usually need agents to sell and deliver their goods into consumers hands （ D） they have used trucks t
9、o carry their products to consumers hands 4 Paper sold to a publishing industry_. （ A） will influence the price of paper industry （ B） is a product delivered to the final user （ C） is a consumer product （ D） is an industrial product 5 A wholesaler(Paragraph 2, Line 2)is_. （ A） a person who sells a g
10、reat variety of foods （ B） an agent who deals with industrial products （ C） a person that manages big stores and factories （ D） an agent that buys and sells goods in great quantities 5 Direct adverting includes all forms of sales appeals, mailed, delivered, or exhibited directly to the prospective b
11、uyer of an advertised product or service, without use of any indirect medium, such as newspapers or television. Direct advertising logically may be divided into three broad classifications, namely, direct-mail advertising, mail order advertising, and unmailed direct advertising. All forms of sales a
12、ppeals that are sent through the mails are considered direct-mail advertising. The chief functions of direct-mail advertising are to familiarize prospective buyers with a product, its name, its maker, and its merits and with the product s local distributors. The direct-mail appeal is designed also t
13、o support the sales activities of retailers by encouraging the continued patronage of both old and new customers. When no personal seeing is involved, other methods are needed to persuade people to send in orders by mall. In addition to newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, other special dev
14、ices order promotions are designed to accomplish a complete selling job without salespeople. Used for the same broad purposes as direct-mall advertising, unmailed direct-mail advertising, includes all forms of indoor advertising displays and all printed sales appeals distributed from door to door, h
15、anded to customers in retail stores or conveyed in some other manner directly to the recipient. With each medium competing keenly for its share of the business, advertising agencies continue to develop new techniques for displaying and selling wares and services. Among these techniques have been vas
16、tly improved printing and reproduction methods in the graphic field, adapted to magazine advertisements and to direct-mail enclosures; the use of color in newspaper advertisements and in television; and outdoor signboards more attractively designed and efficiently lighted. Many subtly effective impr
17、ovements are suggested by advertising research. 6 Direct advertising_. （ A） includes all forms of sales appeals to the prospective buyer （ B） is produced mainly for newspaper or television （ C） is an activity by which real products are shown to buyers （ D） uses post as a chief means to contact prosp
18、ective buyers 7 Direct-mail advertising_. （ A） uses letters as a chief means of providing information （ B） sends old customers detailed information about new products （ C） uses letters to tell prospective buyers about the local sellers （ D） sends over the prospective buyers sample products by parcel
19、s 8 The word “prospective“ in the first sentence of the passage means_. （ A） would be （ B） prosperous （ C） rich （ D） old 9 The chief function of unmailed advertising is_. （ A） to send sample products from door to door （ B） to familiarize the customers with the products （ C） to deliver the products d
20、irectly to the retail stores （ D） to send information about the products in quick ways 10 From the last paragraph we learn_. （ A） direct advertising is the best way to promote a product （ B） companies are trying to find the best way to sell their products （ C） advertising is becoming enriched by the
21、 research in this area （ D） old ways of advertising is giving ways to new ways of doing it 10 Of what historic and contemporary concern is it that the architecture profession has been, and continues to be, strongly male dominated in Australia. Ideally, what proportion of the profession should women
22、occupy and why? From the start of human history, we always experience certain level of inequality between sexes. It can be seen everywhere around the world and is a concern to everyone, both men and women. This inequality is an important issue, within the workforce of many professions, such as being
23、 an architect, landscape architect, city planners and designers within the built environment. Industrial revolution is the onset for women to become segregated from home, creating greater spatial division to impact on gender roles. There is common concept between the relationship of public and priva
24、te space with male and female. This model represents the suburbanization occurring in the late 19th century and the early 20th century. Many suburban women are forced within their daily activities due to the constraints on accessibility and mobility in low-density suburbs which lead to a feeling of
25、being isolated from the inner city. These constraints of this gender role affect the womens ability in the broader professions within the built environment, as they were restricted at home. Architects do not like to employ women in the offices; contractors do not like women to build contracts from t
26、heir plans; people with money to spend do not like to entrust expenditure to a woman. This is probably due to the fact that women are kept at home without “knowing much“ of the “outside world“; the design professions have intrigued women into marginal roles. Architects and other similar professional
27、 fields have perceived women not as profession but as passive clients. From these, women are users of the designed built environment as there are only few to have the opportunity to design them. That forces women to adapt to the way environments have been designed by men. There is a concern where ma
28、ny women architects, landscape architects, planners, builders and designers are not formally identified with professions. Many of their works have been credited to their male colleagues. Another concern is that there is a lack of sensitivity towards women s needs within the built environment. Design
29、 strategies and schemes often fail to consider women as a disadvantage group with exclusive needs, many of these needs are inadequately met or even un-met. This was evident in several Local Environmental Plans and Development Control Plans of the Sydney Metropolitan area that had not i-dentified wom
30、en as a disadvantage group to be included amongst the handicapped anti elderly in design issue. Having considered womens issues within the built environment, in concluding one must ask: “Are the fundamentals of professions of the built environment gender biased? “ Whilst the outcomes of these are ge
31、nder biased, the fundamentals of planning require subsequent analysis in order to resolve the question. “Not only do men and women view a common world from different perspectives, they view different worlds as well.“ The issues raised are not subject to strictly to women, but men also experience the
32、m though with less intensity. In addressing these issues a gender sensitive environment will be beneficial to all. 11 According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements is TRUE? （ A） Industrial revolution made men and women unequal. （ B） Industrial revolution made men and women equal. （ C）
33、Industrial revolution made men and women more unequal. （ D） Industrial revolution made men and women more equal. 12 In the writer s view, because of suburbanization,_. （ A） many women are forced to move to the suburban areas （ B） many women are forced to move away from the suburban areas （ C） many w
34、omen hate to go to the inner city （ D） many women in the suburban areas are forced to stay where they are 13 The reason why women designers are few is that_. （ A） women are kept at home （ B） women prefer to work as assistants of men designers （ C） women have been kept out of this profession for long
35、 （ D） very few women want to be designers 14 The writer asserts that in design strategies and schemes_. （ A） womens special needs have been neglected （ B） women s special needs are just like those of the handicapped （ C） women designers form a disadvantaged group （ D） womens special needs should not
36、 be overlooked 15 The writers message is that the built environment should be_ （ A） beneficial to all （ B） more beneficial to women （ C） more beneficial to men （ D） gender biased 15 Forty years ago no one was concerned about the health of the ocean, in spite of the fact that many fisheries were bein
37、g over harvested, toxic wastes were being dumped in the sea, and developers were beginning to seriously disrupt coastlines. In those days, the magnitude of the problems was small, even though it was obvious that if the trends continued people would face severe economic and personal hardship in the f
38、uture. People just didn t understand, nor did they care. Unfortunately many of our concerns were realized, but the situation could have been much worse had we, and others, not taken action to inform people about the ocean and the need to protect it. During our campaign to share the wonders of the se
39、a and alert the public about the need to protect it, we have used every medium available personal appearances, the printed word, and television. Now there is a new medium that is even more effective than its predecessors. Thanks to the Internet and computers, people can not only receive linear stori
40、es, but they can actually participate in them, exploring and learning at their own pace and as their curiosity dictates. I am tremendously impressed with the per-son-alization of what had been labeled by skeptics as the most impersonal medium yet developed. For these reasons I have made a major comm
41、itment of time and resources to dive into this sea of electronic marvels, Im swimming hard to keep up, but when I look around I find Im not alone. We are all learning together and it is an adventure I am finding immensely rewarding. I have been encouraged by our first modest dunking in this new worl
42、d: We recently completed a CD-ROM, Jean Michel Cousteaus World: Cities Under the Sea Coral Reefs. A couple of months ago I was in Fiji to celebrate the 1997 In-ternational Year of the Reef and presented Our Cities Under the Sea CD-ROM to a group of children. I was impressed to see how quickly they g
43、rasped our concepts and how they directed their own learning process, thanks to the flexibility of the medium. It was particularly exciting to see kids squeal with delight as they responded to questions and the computer rewarded them when they got the correct answers. I want young people to experien
44、ce the mystery and wonder of our oceans. I want them to understand how precious and vulnerable our environment is. Young people need to be taught to take responsibility for ensuring that their heritage will be protected and used wisely. Hopefully the next generation will do a better job than mine ha
45、s. I believe individuals must be personally involved and I am counting on the Internet to be the medium through which people can experience, learn, and take action. I am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better future it is too important to be left to bureaucrats an
46、d politicians. 16 Forty years ago people were indifferent to the health of the ocean because_. （ A） the ocean was immune to any pollution then （ B） they didnt know what would come of if the ocean was deadly disrupted （ C） there was no computer then （ D） there wasnt any problem with ocean at that tim
47、e 17 The last sentence of the 2nd paragraph tells us that the writer believes that_. （ A） the computer is as smart as human beings （ B） the computer is friends with human beings （ C） human beings can interact with the computer and do what they want at their will （ D） human beings have not used the c
48、omputer to its fullest advantage 18 The writer went to Fuji to_. （ A） participate in a celebration （ B） teach children there how to use the computer （ C） make an adventure in the sea （ D） spend the holiday on the seashore 19 The writer s attitude to the prospect of the ocean is_. （ A） desperate （ B）
49、 unconcerned （ C） optimistic （ D） pragmatic 20 According to the passage, who shall we fall back on for a better future for the environment? （ A） Our predecessors （ B） Politicians （ C） Computers （ D） Young people 二、 Structure and Vocabulary 21 Telecommuting substituting the computer for the trip to the job has been_a solution to all kinds of problems related to office work. （ A） hailed as （ B） drawn out （ C） born out （ D） lodged in 22 The_question in this case is whether the accused had a mo
