1、2011年华中科技大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Cloze 0 Tourism develops culture. It broadens the thinking of the traveler and leads to culture【 C1】 _between the hosts and guests from far-off places. This can benefit the locals, since tourists bring culture【 C2】 _them. Tourism may help to preserve indigenous customs,
2、【 C3】 _traditional shows, parades, celebrations and festivals are put on for tourists. The musicals, plays and serious drama of London theatres and other kinds of nightlife are【 C4】 _supported by tourists. Such events might disappear without the stimulus of tourism to【 C5】_them. On the other hand, t
3、ourism often contributes to the disappearance of local traditions and folklore. Churches, temples and similar places of worship are【 C6】 _as tourist attractions. This can be【 C7】 _the expense of their original function: how many believers want to worship in the middle of a flow of atheist invaders?
4、Who would want to pray【 C8】 _curious onlookers shuffle to and fro with guide books, rather than prayer books, in their hands? Tourism may bring other indirect cultural consequences in its【 C9】 _.Tensions which already exist between ancient and more modern ways may be deepened by tourists ignorance o
5、f【 C10】 _customs and beliefs. Tourists, if not actually richer, often seem more well-off than natives. The former may therefore feel superior【 C11】_the latter embarrassed about their lifestyles. The result may be an inferior feeling which【 C12】 _helps the sense of identity which is so important to r
6、egional culture. The poverty of a locality can look even worse when【 C13】 _with the comfortable hotel environment inhabited by tourists. Prosperous retired or elderly tourists from Britain, where the average life expectancy is 75 years, may well【 C14】_resentment in Sierra Leone, where the local popu
7、lation can expect to live to no more than 41 years. The relative prosperity of tourists may【 C15】 _crime. In Gambia, unemployed young people offer to act as “professional friends“ guides, companions or sexual partners in return for money. When the tourism season is over they can no longer get wages
8、that way so they【 C16】 _to petty stealing from the local populace. All this affects the local social life and culture【 C17】 _. Cultural erosion can also take place at more【 C18】 _levels. Greek villagers traditionally【 C19】 _themselves on their hospitality. They would【 C20】_travelers for free, feedin
9、g them and listening to their stories. To take money would have been a disgrace. That has changed now. Tourists exist to be exploited. Perhaps this is hardly surprising if the earnings from one room rented to a tourist can exceed a teachers monthly salary. 1 【 C1】 （ A） conflict （ B） contact （ C） con
10、cern （ D） constraint 2 【 C2】 （ A） with （ B） to （ C） over （ D） by 3 【 C3】 （ A） like that （ B） if when （ C） as if （ D） as when 4 【 C4】 （ A） largely （ B） extremely （ C） positively （ D） totally 5 【 C5】 （ A） entertain （ B） retain （ C） maintain （ D） pertain 6 【 C6】 （ A） considered （ B） taken （ C） treated
11、（ D） made 7 【 C7】 （ A） for （ B） at （ C） in （ D） to 8 【 C8】 （ A） how （ B） that （ C） while （ D） when 9 【 C9】 （ A） sake （ B） wake （ C） sense （ D） cost 10 【 C10】 （ A） regional （ B） native （ C） territorial （ D） local 11 【 C11】 （ A） making （ B） allowing （ C） ignoring （ D） leaving 12 【 C12】 （ A） hardly （ B
12、） seldom （ C） usually （ D） sometimes 13 【 C13】 （ A） compared （ B） contrasted （ C） related （ D） associated 14 【 C14】 （ A） generate （ B） produce （ C） make （ D） leave 15 【 C15】 （ A） increase （ B） enhance （ C） encourage （ D） ascend 16 【 C16】 （ A） go （ B） turn （ C） alter （ D） change 17 【 C17】 （ A） hostil
13、ely （ B） reciprocally （ C） conversely （ D） adversely 18 【 C18】 （ A） minor （ B） small （ C） subtle （ D） micro 19 【 C19】 （ A） prided （ B） famed （ C） sang （ D） claimed 20 【 C20】 （ A） put on （ B） put up （ C） put down （ D） put off 二、 Reading Comprehension 20 Globalization is a phenomenon that has been aff
14、ecting countries and societies for several decades, but the outline of the global system has only emerged with some clarity recently. The rise of global markets and the increase in speed and volume of international transactions has brought about a degree of interdependence and cooperation in economi
15、c matters among states that have not so far been matched by a corresponding increase in respect for and protection of human rights and democracy. Indeed, many democracies are still fragile, and have not made the transition from viewing democratic practices as instrumental to having a widely shared p
16、rincipled commitment to the democratic and constitutional framework. The rise of global economic networks has led to a rise in the influence of global actors such as multi-national corporations, global economic bodies such as the WTO, the World Bank, the IMF and regional economic organizations. Thes
17、e constitute a new form of global governance whose directives and imperatives states find increasingly difficult to ignore. The established international political organizations have not come close to replicating this effectiveness. Predictions that the phenomenon of globalization will result in a l
18、owering of human rights standards as the mobility of capital seeks out the markets least constrained by labor and human rights standards to maximize the highest returns need not be the case. The role of human rights organizations in this context must be to ensure that globalization drives standards
19、up not down, and to present the case that freedom of expression and access to official information are key to sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruption, which, in turn support the conditions necessary for sustainable economic growth. With the demand for global trade
20、 to go hand in hand with global responsibility, international financial institutions are coming under increasing pressure to regulate the global economy not simply to facilitate economic growth, but to promote compliance with human development, including international human rights norms Multinationa
21、l corporations have also been forced recognize a degree of corporate social responsibility in the areas in which they operate and in the communities on which they have an impact Transparency in the operations of such compardes is becoming increasing important to their gaining access to capital. They
22、 are more and more accountable to shareholders, who, in turn are increasingly diffuse and numerous. The pursuit of “shareholder value“ means that there is score to ensure that the investor-citizen has a say in the way that companies conduct themselves. The task for those promoting free expression is
23、 to harness new technologies to challenge censorship, and to harness the power and influence of new global actors to ensure that they not only take the arguments for free expression on board, but become vocal advocates for such rights. 21 All of the following is not true according to the first parag
24、raph EXCEPT_. （ A） globalization has been developing systematically for several decades （ B） protection of human rights hasnt increased enough to be correspondent with the present situation （ C） democracy has been fully developed in the world （ D） many countries has constructed a democratic and cons
25、titutional framework 22 The underlined word “which“ in the third paragraph refers to_. （ A） human rights organizations （ B） the prevention of corruption （ C） sustainable human and economic development and the prevention of corruption （ D） freedom of expression and access to official information 23 M
26、ultinational corporations have not to_. （ A） recognize its social responsibility （ B） be responsible to their shareholders （ C） recognize its social responsibility （ D） be responsible in other communities in the same area 24 Which of the following expressions about the global actors is not true? （ A
27、） They are becoming more and more influential. （ B） Sometimes they can influence the decision of a country. （ C） They are not so effective as the international political organization. （ D） WTO and IMF are included. 25 What is not the purpose of writing this passage? （ A） To point out the negative ef
28、fects of globalization. （ B） To bridle the power and influence of global actors. （ C） To call the global actors awareness of human rights. （ D） To harness new technologies to challenge examination. 25 Patients tend to feel indignant and insulted if the physician tells them he can find no organic cau
29、se for the pain. They tend to interpret the term “psychogenic“ to mean that they are complaining of nonexistent symptoms. They need to be educated about the fact that many forms of pain have no underlying physical cause but are the result, as mentioned earlier, of tension, stress or hostile factors
30、in the general environment. Sometimes a pain may be a manifestation of “conversion hysteria“. Obviously, it is folly for an individual to ignore symptoms that could be a warning of a potentially serious illness. Some people are so terrified of getting news from a doctor that they allow their malaise
31、 to worsen, sometimes past the point of no return. Total neglect is not the answer to hypochondria. The only answer has to be increased education about the way the human body works; so that more people be able to steer an intelligent course between promiscuous pill-popping and irresponsible disregar
32、d of genuine symptoms. Of all forms of pain, none is important for the individual to understand than the “threshold“ variety. Almost everyone has a telltale ache that is triggered whenever tension or fatigue reaches a certain point. It can take the form of a migraine-type headache or a squeezing pai
33、n deep in the abdomen or cramps or a pain the lower back or even in the joints. The individual who has learned how to make the correlation between such threshold pains and their cause doesnt panic when they occur; he or she does something about relieving the stress and tension. Then, if the pain per
34、sists despite the absence of apparent cause, the individual will telephone the doctor. 26 Which of the following is TRUE? （ A） A pain can only by physical harm. （ B） Some people are complaining of a pain which does not exist. （ C） A pain can be caused by psychogenic factors. （ D） Educated people do
35、not complain of nonexistent pain. 27 Some people suffering from a pain do not go to hospital because_. （ A） they are horrified to get the bad news （ B） they think no medicine is effective （ C） they think the pain will disappear as soon as you forget it （ D） they are too busy 28 According to the pass
36、age, the proper way towards a pain is_. （ A） taking different medicines （ B） visiting famous physicians （ C） paying no attention to it （ D） none of the above 29 As soon as a person gets “threshold pains“, he should_. （ A） telephone the doctor immediately （ B） first relieve the stress and tension whi
37、ch cause the pains （ C） wait to let the pains reach a certain point （ D） take pain-killer 29 Feminist critics have long debated the extent to which gender plays a role in the creation and interpretation of texts. Androgynist poetics, rooted in mid-Victorian womens writing, contends that the creative
38、 mind is sexless, but from the 1970s on, many feminist critics rejected the idea of the genderless mind, finding that the imagination cannot evade conscious or unconscious structures of gender which is part of culture-determination where separating imagination from the self is impossible. The Female
39、 Aesthetic, expressing a unique female consciousness in literature, spoke of the “female vernacular, the Mother Tongue, a powerful but neglected womens culture“. Virginia Woolf discusses how a woman writer seeks within herself “the pools, the depths, the dark places where the largest fish slumber“,
40、inevitably colliding against her own sexuality to confront “something about the body, about the passions“. Accessible to men and women alike, but representing female sexual morphology, this method sought a way of writing which literally embodied the female, thereby fighting the subordinating, linear
41、 style of classification or distinction. It must be admitted that there are problems with the Female Aesthetic that feminist critics themselves recognized. For instance, they avoided defining exactly what constituted their writing style, as any definition would then categorize it and safely subsume
42、it as a genre under the linear patriarchal structure-its very restlessness and ambiguity defied identification as part of its identity. Some feminists and women writers could feel excluded by the surreality of the Female Aesthetic and its stress on the biological forms of female experience, which al
43、so bear close resemblance to essentialism. Men may try their hand at writing womans bodies, but according to the feminist critique, only a woman whose very biology gave her an edge could read these texts successfully-a position Which, worst of all, risked marginalization of womens literature and the
44、ory. Later, Gynocritics attempted to resolve some of these problems, by agreeing that womens literature lay as the central concern for feminist criticism but rejecting the concept of an essential female identity and style, while simultaneously seeking to revise Freudian structures by emphasizing a P
45、re-Oedipal phase wherein the daughters bond to her mother inscribes the key factor in gender identity. Matriarchal values dissolve intergenerational conflicts and build upon a female tradition of literature rather than the struggle of Oedipus and Lais at the crossroads, lastly and most promising in
46、its achievement of a delicate balance are developments of an overarching gender theory, which considers gender, both male and female, as a social construction built on biological differences. Gender theory proposes to explore ideological inscription and the literary effects of the sex/system, openin
47、g up the literary theory stage and bringing in questions of masculinity into feminist theory. Taking gender as a fundamental analytic category brings feminist criticism from the margin to the center, though it risks depoliticizing the study of women. 30 Which of the following titles best summarizes
48、the content of the passage? （ A） A Historical Overview of Feminist Literary Criticism （ B） Establishing New Feminist Concepts of Gender （ C） The Precarious Feminist Compromise in Politics and Art （ D） A New Theory of Literary Criticism 31 The author specifically mentions all of the following as issu
49、es that have been considered in the evolution of feminist literary criticism EXCEPT_. （ A） the place of women in the literary canon （ B） the question of culture in determining gender （ C） the role of Freud in theorizing gender identity （ D） the effect of biological differences on textual style 32 The author refers to the “largest fish“(Paragraph 2)primarily in order to_. （ A） suggest a refuge from the long history of sexist literary cr
