1、2010年华中科技大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Cloze 0 Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play?【 C1】 _en event takes place, newspapers are on the street【 C2】 _the details.【 C3】 _anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gat
2、her the news. Newspapers have one basic【 C4】 _. to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to【 C5】 _it. Radio, telegraph, television, and【 C6】 _inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of
3、communication.【 C7】 _. this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the【 C8】 _and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are【 C9】_and read than ever before. Competition also led newspape
4、rs to【 C10】 _out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, todays newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious【 C11】 _. Newspapers influence readers economic choices【 C12】 _advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertis
5、ing for their very【 C13】 _. Newspapers are sold at a price that【 C14】 _even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main【 C15】 _of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The【 C16】 _in selling advertising depends newspapers value to advertisers. This【 C17】 _in terms of circulat
6、ion. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends【 C18】 _on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment【 C19】 _in a newspapers pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspapers value to readers as a source of information【 C20】 _the community
7、, city, county, state, nation and world and even outer space. 1 【 C1】 （ A） Just when （ B） While （ C） Soon after （ D） Before 2 【 C2】 （ A） to give （ B） giving （ C） given （ D） being given 3 【 C3】 （ A） Wherever （ B） Whatever （ C） However （ D） Whichever 4 【 C4】 （ A） reason （ B） cause （ C） problem （ D） pu
8、rpose 5 【 C5】 （ A） make （ B） publish （ C） know （ D） write 6 【 C6】 （ A） another （ B） other （ C） one another （ D） the other 7 【 C7】 （ A） However （ B） And （ C） Therefore （ D） So 8 【 C8】 （ A） value （ B） ratio （ C） rate （ D） speed 9 【 C9】 （ A） spread （ B） passed （ C） printed （ D） completed 10 【 C10】 （ A）
9、 provoke （ B） jump （ C） step （ D） branch 11 【 C11】 （ A） matters （ B） affairs （ C） things （ D） events 12 【 C12】 （ A） on （ B） through （ C） with （ D） of 13 【 C13】 （ A） forms （ B） existence （ C） contents （ D） purpose 14 【 C14】 （ A） tries to cover （ B） manages to cover （ C） fails to cover （ D） succeeds i
10、n 15 【 C15】 （ A） source （ B） origin （ C） course （ D） finance 16 【 C16】 （ A） way （ B） means （ C） chance （ D） success 17 【 C17】 （ A） measures （ B） measured （ C） is measured （ D） was measured 18 【 C18】 （ A） somewhat （ B） little （ C） much （ D） something 19 【 C19】 （ A） offering （ B） offered （ C） which of
11、fered （ D） to be offered 20 【 C20】 （ A） by （ B） with （ C） at （ D） about 二、 Reading Comprehension 20 Early in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thou
12、ght that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “axioms“. This is what he meant by “induction“. Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arran
13、gement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacons conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries such as those made by Galileo about the movement
14、 of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape of planetary orbits, and later by Newton about the “force“ of gravity could never have been made if Bacons rules had prevailed. Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assista
15、nts with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do n
16、ot speak for themselves is evident from Bacons own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most “obvious“ of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a fact that life was being spontaneously generated be
17、cause maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain. What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their c
18、ollection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances. 21 According to Bacon, facts_. （ A） are determined by observations （ B） can only be understood through logical reasoning （ C） have a hierarchy （ D） are gathered by illiterate assistants 22 Data collection should be perf
19、ormed by illiterate assistants,_. （ A） according to Bacon, as it led to speculation （ B） according to Bacon, to prevent theories from being formulated on insufficient data （ C） was a notion Bacon strongly opposed （ D） was a notion rejected on the grounds that it led to premature speculations 23 Acco
20、rding to Bacon, knowledge can be obtained_. （ A） by subjecting theories to rigorous logical analysis （ B） not through political or religious dogmas but through reason （ C） by observation alone （ D） through the inductive method 24 Spontaneous generation of life_. （ A） was a known fact in Bacons time
21、（ B） is verified by maggots in putrid flesh （ C） is more apparent than real （ D） is a speculation which has no basis in observation 24 Though one may question the degree to which the Civil War represents a milestone in womens pursuit of social, economic, and political equality, Leonards recent study
22、 has excelled that of her predecessor Ginzberg in debunking persistent myths about womens primary relation to the war as weeping widows, self-sacrificing wives, patriotic fiancees, and loyal daughters. Leonard asks if the wartime work of northern women influenced popular perceptions of womens abilit
23、ies, and if home front production were seen as contributing to the readiness of soldiers. Finding in the affirmative, she argues that home front activities generated respect for womens organizational talents and opened up new work opportunities for women, while participation reinforced their self-re
24、liance and self-esteem. In contrast to her predecessors, who saw the war as transforming the ideology of benevolence, Leonard finds that womens war work drew heavily upon the antebellum ideology of womens nature and sphere. It was once believed that wartime benevolence heightened changes emerging in
25、 the 1850s by replacing the antebellum ideology of gender difference and female moral superiority with a new ideology of gender similarity and a more masculine ethos of discipline and efficiency. Leonard asserts instead that white, middle-class, Yankee, charitable women appropriated the antebellum m
26、oral definition of womanhood and, in particular, womans unique moral responsibility for maintaining community and her natural selflessness and caretaking abilities, to expand the boundaries of womans proper place. With determination and courage, women brought forth positive changes in popular charac
27、terizations of middle-class womanhood that opened new doors for women in the professions and in public life. A weak point of Leonards theory is her assessment of the themes of postwar histories of womens wartime service. Leonard views these works as extolling womens self-sacrifice and ability to coo
28、perate men while downplaying womens demands for status and pay and ignoring the scope of womens administrative genius. But other theorists, most notably Ginzberg, have argued that these same works may also be viewed as praising the efficiency of the new centralized and national charitable organizati
29、ons, womens wage-earning capacity, and their subordination of feminine feeling and enthusiasm to business-like and war-like routinization and order. Two sets of values older notions of benevolence and new demands of public service were at war in the North, a war that can be plotted through tensions
30、about paying wages, centralizing corporate functions of benevolence, relating benevolence to government, and using funds for administrative as opposed to strictly charitable purposes. It may well be that wartime masculinization of the ideology of benevolence pushed women further from both the symbol
31、ic and the real centers of power for social change and hastened instead a class-based alliance for social welfare. But we can agree with Leonard that the war forced men to yield ground, sharing and sometimes even surrendering territory, power, and status in the public realm. 25 Which of the followin
32、g is the most appropriate title for the passage? （ A） The Influence of Elizabeth Leonard on Historians of Feminism in the Civil War （ B） Leonards Explanation of How the Civil War Improved the Plight of Women （ C） Feminism in the Civil War: New Controversy About an Old Subject （ D） The Heritage of Be
33、nevolence: The Civil Wars Contribution to Womens Charitable Organizations 26 According to the passage, Leonard asserts that womens activities during the Civil War had all of the following positive effects EXCEPT: （ A） They were praised as aiding the war cause. （ B） They improved womens economic situ
34、ation. （ C） They were considered proof of womens abilities to organize themselves. （ D） They created new occupational opportunities for women. 27 It can be inferred from the passage that Leonard would agree with which of the following statements regarding the status of women during the Civil War? I
35、. Antebellum values were expanded, not replaced, in order to develop new definitions of womanhood. II. Historians have paid insufficient attention to demands for higher status women made during the war. III. On the whole, the war was detrimental to the perception of women. （ A） I only （ B） II only （
36、 C） I and II only （ D） I,IIandIII 28 It can be inferred that Leonard would most likely consider which of the following hypothetical cases of Civil War women the LEAST supportive of her thesis? （ A） A widow who patriotically refused to remarry, even after her soldier husband was killed in battle （ B）
37、 A woman who shifted from working as a seamstress to running an army uniform factory （ C） A woman who dressed as a Southern soldier in order to cross enemy lines as a spy （ D） A woman who established a charity in order to collect money for prostheses for war amputees 29 Which of the following best d
38、escribes the organization of the passage? （ A） The author compares and contrasts the work of several historians and then discusses areas for possible new research. （ B） The author presents his thesis, draws on the work of several historians for evidence to support his thesis, and concludes by reiter
39、ating his thesis. （ C） The author describes some features of a historical study and then uses those features to put forth his own argument. （ D） The author presents the general argument of a historical study, describes the study in more detail, and concludes with a brief judgment of the studys value
40、. 30 With which of the following criticisms of Leonards theory would the author of the passage be most likely to agree? （ A） It lays too much importance upon the antebellum ideology of womens nature and sphere. （ B） It fails to acknowledge that masculinization of war-time efforts may have been detri
41、mental to the feminist cause. （ C） It tends to overemphasize the role of women in shifting their status over the course of the war. （ D） It bases its thesis too exclusively on white, Yankee, middle-class women, ignoring every other social and racial class. 30 Our next task is to consider the policie
42、s and principles a ruler ought to follow in dealing with his subjects or with his friends. Since I know many people have written on this subject, I am concerned it may be thought presumptuous for me to write on I as well, especially since what I have to say, as regards this question in particular, w
43、ill differ greatly from the recommendations of others. But my hope is to write a book that will be useful, at least to those who read it intelligently, and so I thought it sensible to go straight to a discussion of how things are in real life and not waste time with discussion of an imaginary world.
44、 For many authors have constructed imaginary republics and principalities that have never existed in practice and never could; for the gap between how people actually behave and how they ought to behave is so great that anyone who ignores everyday reality in order to live up to an ideal will soon di
45、scover he has been taught how to destroy himself, not how to preserve himself. For anyone who wants to act the part of a good man in all circumstances will bring about his own ruin, for those he has to deal with will not all be good. So it is necessary for a ruler, if he wants to hold on to power, t
46、o learn how not to be good, and to know when it is and when it is not necessary to use this knowledge. Let us leave to one side, then, all discussion of imaginary rulers and talk about practical realities. I maintain that all men, when people talk about them, and especially rulers, because they hold
47、 positions of authority, are described in terms of qualities that are inextricably linked to censure or to praise. So one man is described as generous, another as a miser; one is called open-handed, another tight-fisted; one man is cruel, another gentle; one untrustworthy, another self-important; on
48、e promiscuous, another monogamous; one straightforward, another duplicitous; one tough, another easy-going; one serious, another cheerful; one religious, another atheistical; and so on. Now I know everyone will agree that if a ruler could have all the good qualities I have listed and none of the bad
49、 ones, then this would be an excellent state of affairs. But one cannot have all the good qualities, nor always act in a praiseworthy fashion, for we do not live in an ideal world. You have to be canny enough to avoid being thought to have those evil qualities that would make it impossible for you to retain power; as for those that are compatible with holding on to power, you should avoid them if you can; but if you canno
