1、2013年华中科技大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Cloze 0 Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play?【 C1】 _an event takes place, newspapers are on the street【 C2】 _the details.【 C3】 _anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gat
2、her the news. Newspapers have one basic【 C4】 _, to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to【 C5】 _it. Radio, telegraph, television, and【 C6】 _inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of
3、communication.【 C7】 _, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the【 C8】 _and thus me efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are【 C9】_and read than ever before. Competition also led newspaper
4、s to【 C10】 _out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, todays newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious【 C11】 _. Newspapers influence readers economic choices【 C12】 _advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertisi
5、ng for their very【 C13】 _. Newspapers are sold at a price that【 C14】 _even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main【 C15】 _of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The【 C16】 _in selling advertising depends newspapers value to advertisers. This【 C17】 _in terms of circulati
6、on. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends【 C18】 _on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment【 C19】 _in a newspapers pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspapers value to readers as a source of information【 C20】 _the community,
7、 city, county, state, nation and world and even outer space. 1 【 C1】 （ A） Just when （ B） While （ C） Soon after （ D） Before 2 【 C2】 （ A） to give （ B） giving （ C） given （ D） being given 3 【 C3】 （ A） Wherever （ B） Whatever （ C） However （ D） Whichever 4 【 C4】 （ A） reason （ B） cause （ C） problem （ D） pur
8、pose 5 【 C5】 （ A） make （ B） publish （ C） know （ D） write 6 【 C6】 （ A） another （ B） other （ C） one another （ D） the other 7 【 C7】 （ A） However （ B） And （ C） Therefore （ D） So 8 【 C8】 （ A） value （ B） ratio （ C） rate （ D） speed 9 【 C9】 （ A） spread （ B） passed （ C） printed （ D） completed 10 【 C10】 （ A）
9、provoke （ B） jump （ C） step （ D） branch 11 【 C11】 （ A） matters （ B） affairs （ C） things （ D） events 12 【 C12】 （ A） on （ B） through （ C） with （ D） of 13 【 C13】 （ A） forms （ B） existence （ C） contents （ D） purpose 14 【 C14】 （ A） tries to cover （ B） manages to cover （ C） fails to cover （ D） succeeds in
10、 15 【 C15】 （ A） source （ B） origin （ C） course （ D） finance 16 【 C16】 （ A） way （ B） means （ C） chance （ D） success 17 【 C17】 （ A） measures （ B） measured （ C） is measured （ D） was measured 18 【 C18】 （ A） somewhat （ B） little （ C） much （ D） something 19 【 C19】 （ A） offering （ B） offered （ C） which off
11、ered （ D） to be offered 20 【 C20】 （ A） by （ B） with （ C） at （ D） about 二、 Reading Comprehension 20 For years scholars have contrasted slavery in the United States and in Brazil, stimulated by the fact that racial patterns assumed such different aspects in the two countries after emancipation. Brazil
12、 never developed a system of rigid segregation of the sort that replaced slavery in the United States, and its racial system was fluid(a situation that is fluid is likely to change)because its definition of race was based as much on characteristics such as economic status as on skin color. Until rec
13、ently, the most persuasive explanation for these differences was that Portuguese institutions especially the Roman Catholic church and Roman civil law, promoted recognition of the slaves humanity. The English colonists, on the other hand, constructed their system of slavery out of whole cloth(whole
14、cloth: pure fabrication usually used in the phrase out of whole cloth). There were simply no precedents in English common law, and separation of church and state barred Protestant clergy from the role that priests assumed in Brazil. But the assumption that institutions alone could so powerfully affe
15、ct the history of two raw and malleable frontier a new field for exploitative or developmental activity. Countries seem, on reexamination, untenable. Recent studies focus instead on a particular set of contrasting economic circumstances and demographic profiles at significant periods in the historie
16、s of the two countries. Persons of mixed race quickly appeared in both countries. In the United States they were considered to be Black, a social definition that was feasible because they were in the minority. In Brazil, it was not feasible. Though intermarriage was illegal in both countries, the la
17、ws were unenforceable in Brazil since Whites formed a small minority in an overwhelmingly Black population. Manumission for persons of mixed race was also easier in Brazil, particularly in the nineteenth century when in the United States it was hedged about with difficulties. Furthermore, a shortage
18、 of skilled workers in Brazil provided persons of mixed race with the opportunity to learn crafts and trades, even before general emancipation, whereas in the United States entry into these occupations was blocked by Whites sufficiently numerous to fill the posts. The consequence was the development
19、 in Brazil of a large class of persons of mixed race, proficient in skilled trades and crafts, who stood waiting as a community for freed slaves to join. There should be no illusion that Brazilian society after emancipation was color-blind. Rather, the large population of persons of mixed race produ
20、ced a racial system that included a third status, a bridge between the Black caste and the White, which could be traversed by means of economic or intellectual achievement, marriage, or racial heritage. The strict and sharp line between the races so characteristic of the United States in the years i
21、mmediately after emancipation was simply absent. With the possible exception of New Orleans, no special “place“ developed in the United States for persons of mixed race. Sad to say, every pressure of society worked to prevent their attaining anything approximating the economic and social position av
22、ailable to their counterparts in Brazil. 21 In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with_. （ A） contrasting the systems of slavery that were established in Brazil and in the United States （ B） criticizing the arguments of those scholars who considered religion and law to be the determinant
23、s of the systems of slavery in Brazil and in the United States （ C） describing the factors currently thought to be responsible for the differences in the racial patterns that evolved in Brazil and in the United States （ D） advocating further study of the differences between the racial systems that d
24、eveloped in Brazil and in the United States 22 According to the passage, early scholars explained the differences between the racial systems that developed in the United States and in Brazil as the result of which of the following factors? （ A） Institutional. （ B） Demographic. （ C） Economic. （ D） Ge
25、ographical. 23 In the context in which it is found, the phrase “constructed their system of slavery out of whole cloth“(paragraph 1, line 8)implies that the system of slavery established by the English settlers was_. （ A） based on fabrications and lies （ B） tailored to the settlers particular circum
26、stances （ C） intended to serve the needs of a frontier economy （ D） developed without direct influence from the settlers religion or legal system 24 The author implies that the explanation proposed by early scholars for the differences between the systems of slavery in the United States and in Brazi
27、ls_. （ A） stimulating to historians and legal scholars （ B） more powerful than more recent explanations （ C） persuasive in spite of minor deficiencies （ D） questionable in light of current scholarly work 25 The author mentions intermarriage, manumission, and the shortage of skilled workers in Brazil
28、 primarily in order to establish which of the following? （ A） The environment in which Brazils racial system developed. （ B） The influence of different legal and economic conditions in Brazil and the United States on the life-style of persons of mixed race. （ C） The origins of Brazils large class of
29、 free skilled persons of mixed race. （ D） The differences between treatment of slaves in Brazil and in the United States. 25 Medievalists usually distinguish medieval public law from private law: the former was concerned with government and military affairs and the latter with the family, social sta
30、tus, and land transactions. Examination on medieval womens lives shows this distinction to be overly simplistic. Although medieval women were legally excluded from roles that categorized as public, such as solider, justice, jury member, or professional administrative official, womens control of land
31、usually considered a private or domestic phenomenonhad important political implications in the feudal system of thirteenth-century England. Since land equaled wealth and wealth equaled power, certain women exercised influence by controlling land. Unlike unmarried women who were legally subject to th
32、eir guardians or married women who had no legal identity separate from their husbands, women who were widows had autonomy with respect to acquiring or disposing of certain property, suing in court, incurring liability for their own debts, and making wills. Although feudal lands were normally transfe
33、rred through primogeniture(the eldest son inheriting all), when no sons survived, the surviving daughters inherited equal shares under what was known as partible inheritance. In addition to controlling any such land inherited from her parents and any bridal dowryproperty a woman brought to the marri
34、age from her own familya widow was entitled to use of one-third of her late husbands lands. Called “dower“ in England, this grant had greater legal importance under common law than did the bridal dowry; no marriage was legal unless the groom endowed the bride with this property at the wedding ceremo
35、ny. In 1215 Magna Carta(The charter of English political and civil liberties granted by King John at Runnymede in June 1215)guaranteed a widows right to claim her dower without paying a fine; this document also strengthened widows ability to control land by prohibiting forced remarriage. After 1272
36、women could also benefit from jointure: the groom could agree to hold part or all of his lands jointly with the bride, so that if one spouse died, the other received these lands. Since many widows had inheritances as well as dowers, widows were frequently the financial heads of the family; even thou
37、gh legal theory assumed the maintenance of the principle of primogeniture, the amount of land the widow controlled could exceed that of her son or of other male heirs. Anyone who held feudal land exercised authority over the people attached to the landknights, rental tenants, and peasantsand had to
38、hire estate administrators, oversee accounts, receive rents, protect tenants from outside encroachment, punish tenants for not paying rents, appoint priests to local parishes, and act as guardians of tenants children and executors of their wills. Many married women fulfilled these duties as deputies
39、 for husbands away at court or at war, but widows could act on their own behalf. Widows legal independence is suggested by their frequent appearance in thirteenth-century English legal records. Moreover, the scope of their sway(3. a: a controlling influence b: sovereign power: DOMINION c: the abilit
40、y to exercise influence or authority: DOMINANCE; synonyms see POWER.)is indicated by the fact that some controlled not merely single estates, but multiple counties. 26 Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? （ A） The traditional view of medieval women as legally exclu
41、ded from many public offices fails to consider thirteenth-century women in England who were exempted from such restrictions. （ B） The economic independence of women in thirteenth-century England was primarily determined not by their marital status, but by their status as heirs to their parents estat
42、es. （ C） The laws and customs of the feudal system in thirteenth-century England enabled some women to exercise a certain amount of power despite their legal exclusion from most public roles. （ D） During the thirteenth century in England, widows gained greater autonomy and legal rights to their prop
43、erty than they had had in previous centuries. 27 Which one of the following most accurately expresses the meaning of the world “ sway“ as it is used in line 60 of the passage? （ A） Vacillation. （ B） Dominion. （ C） Predisposition. （ D） Inclination. 28 Which one of the following most accurately descri
44、bes the function of the second paragraph of the passage? （ A） Providing examples of specific historical events as support for the conclusion drawn in the third paragraph. （ B） Narrating a sequence of events whose outcomes discussed in the third paragraph. （ C） Explaining how circumstances described
45、in the first paragraph could have occurred. （ D） Describing the effects of an event mentioned in the first paragraph. 29 According to information in the passage, a widow in early thirteenth-century England could control more land than did her eldest son if_. （ A） the widow had been granted the custo
46、mary amount of dower land and the eldest son inherited the rest of the land （ B） the widow had three daughters in addition to her eldest son （ C） the principle of primogeniture had been applied in transferring the lands owned by the widows late husband （ D） the combined amount of land the widow had
47、acquired from her own family and from dower was greater than the amount inherited by her son 30 The primary purpose of the passage is to_. （ A） explain a legal controversy of the past in light of modern theory （ B） evaluate the economic and legal status of a particular historical group （ C） resolve
48、a scholarly debate about legal history （ D） trace the historical origins of a modern economic situation 30 Painter Frida Kahlo(1910-1954)often used harrowing images derived from her Mexican heritage to express suffering caused by a disabling accident and a stormy marriage. Suggesting much personal a
49、nd emotional content, her worksmany of them self-portraitshave been exhaustively psychoanalyzed, while their political content has been less studied. Yet Kahlo was an ardent political activist who in her art sought not only to explore her own roots, but also to champion Mexicos struggle for an independent political and cultural identity. Kahlo was influenced by Marxism, which appealed to many intellectuals in the 1920s and 1930s, and
