1、2012年中国矿业大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people. Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of cr
2、ime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability. Accountability isnt hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her action
3、s and liable for their consequences. Of the many values that hold civilization together-honesty, kindness, and so onaccountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law and ultimately, no society. My job as a police officer is to impose accountabilit
4、y on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on peoples behaviour are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. Fortunately there still communities smaller towns, usually where sch
5、ools maintaining discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not toleratedthey simply are not done!“ Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restrains are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers yo
6、ur property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him. The main cause of this breakdown is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, its the criminal who is considered vi
7、ctimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didnt teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didnt provide a stable home. I dont believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal
8、activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses, where no one accepts responsibility for anything. We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it. 1 What the wise m
9、an said suggests that_. （ A） Its unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil. （ B） Its certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it （ C） Its only natural for virtue to defeat evil. （ D） Its desirable for good men to keep away from evil 2 According to the author, if a
10、 person is found guilty of a crime,_. （ A） society is held to be responsible （ B） modem civilization is responsible for it （ C） the criminal himself should bear the blame （ D） the standards of living should be improved 3 Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have_. （ A） less sel
11、f-discipline （ B） better sense of discipline （ C） more mutual respect （ D） less effective government 4 The writer is sorry to have noticed that_. （ A） people in large cities tend to excuse criminals （ B） people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards （ C） todays society lacks symp
12、athy for people in difficulty （ D） people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities 4 Encouraged by the policy that fosters auto market for the countrys over 200 million families, automotive trading companies have mushroomed in all provinces and autonomous regions. Service co
13、mpanies are also formed to profit by gathering information on automotive operation and organizing advertising and public relations campaigns for auto makers. Many daily newspapers have set aside one or more pages to regularly carry news and information in the area. Dozens of car magazines seem to ha
14、ve leapt into being overnight. However, opinions about automotive development are varied. Many Chinese believe millions of additional motor vehicles will worsen the traffic problem and tail-gas-related environmental pollution. With some 10 million motor vehicles of which some 1.5 million are towns.
15、And parking has increasingly become a headache. Petrol is another problem. China produces 142 million tons of crude oil a year, which translates into a very low percapita average. By 1993, China had already become a net importer of oil. But it cannot import much more oil by spending enormous foreign
16、 exchange to feed tens of millions for motor vehicles. Despite all the disagreements, China needs a rapid development of the automotive industry which will boost many other industries including metallurgy, rubber, petro-chemical, plastic, textiles, electronics and machinery. More important, it will
17、boost construction of roads and parking facilities and promote progress of environment-related technologies. Chinese automotive industrial experts predict that new fields in the trade will emerge to absorb domestic and overseas, investment. These include production of new auto materials, refinery of
18、 fuel(non-lead gasoline, etc.)and development of new energy. 5 According to the first paragraph, what is the result of the policy on auto market? （ A） Automotive trading companies sprang up. （ B） Service companies are making money by providing information for the auto makers. （ C） Many newspapers an
19、d magazine regularly carry news and information on automotive industries. （ D） All of the above. 6 Which is not mentioned at the problems caused by the automotive industry? （ A） The traffic problem is getting worse. （ B） There is tail-gas-related environmental pollution. （ C） There is petrol shortag
20、e. （ D） Peoples per-capita income becomes lower. 7 The rapid development of automotive industry is important because_. （ A） other industries need co-operation of the automotive industry. （ B） it can stimulate oil import. （ C） it will boost construction of roads and parking facilities. （ D） it will g
21、ain more profit. 8 Which of the following is implied but not stated in the passage? （ A） A nations policy on economy can affect its economic behaviour greatly. （ B） Its easy to make money by establishing some new industries. （ C） Many people dont agree on a fast development of automotive industry. （
22、 D） Some Chinese automotive industrial experts predict that new fields in the automotive trade will emerge to absorb domestic and overseas investment. 8 The way people hold to the belief that a fun filled, painfree life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness
23、. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true: more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain. As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inev
24、itably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment, self-improvement. Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment.
25、 For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole nights sleep or a three-day vacation. I dont know any parent who wo
26、uld choose the word fun to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild. Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It
27、 liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: We now understand that all those wh
28、o are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all. 9 According to the author, a bachelor resists marriage chiefly because_. （ A） he is reluctant to take on family responsibilities （ B） he believes that life will be more cheerful if he remains single （ C） he finds more fun in dating th
29、an in marriage （ D） he fears it will put an end to all his fun adventure and excitement 10 Raising children, in the authors opinion is_. （ A） a moral duty （ B） a thankless job （ C） a rewarding task （ D） a source of inevitable pain 11 From the last paragraph, we learn that envy sometimes stems from_.
30、 （ A） hatred （ B） misunderstanding （ C） prejudice （ D） ignorance 12 To understand what true happiness is one must_. （ A） have as much fun as possible during ones lifetime （ B） make every effort to liberate oneself from pain （ C） put up with pain under all circumstances （ D） be able to distinguish ha
31、ppiness from fun 12 Fried foods have long been frowned upon. Nevertheless, the skillet is about our handiest and most useful piece of kitchen equipment. Stalwart lumberjacks and others engaged in active labor requiring 4,000 calories per day or more will take approximately one-third of their rations
32、 prepared in this fashion. Meat, eggs, and French toast cooked in this way are served in millions of homes daily. Apparently the consumers are not beset with more signs of indigestion than afflict those who insist upon broiling, roasting, or boiling. Some years ago one of our most eminent physiologi
33、sts investigated the digestibility of fried potatoes. He found that the pan variety was more easily broken down for assimilation than when deep fat was employed. The letter, however, dissolved within the alimentary tract more readily than the boiled type. Furthermore, he learned, by watching the pro
34、gress of the contents of stomach by means of the fluoroscope. that fat actually accelerated the rate of digestion. Now all this is quite in contrast with “authority“. Volumes have been written on nutrition, and everywhere the dictum has been accepted no fried edibles of any sort for children. A few
35、will go so far as to forbid this style of cooking wholly. Now and then an expert will be bold enough to admit that he uses them himself, the absence of discomfort being explained on the ground that he possesses a powerful gastric apparatus. We can of course sizzle perfectly good articles to death so
36、 that they will be leathery and tough. But thorough heating, in the presence of shortening, is not the awful crime that it has been labeled. Such dishes stimulate rather than retard contractions of the gall bladder. Thus it is that bile mixes with the nutriment shortly after it leaves the stomach. W
37、e dont need to allow our foodstuffs to become oil soaked, but other than that, there seems to be no basis for the widely heralded prohibition against this method. But notions become fixed. The first condemnation probably arose because an “oracle“ suffered from dyspepsia which he ascribed to some fri
38、ed item on the menu. The theory spread. Others agreed with him, and after a time the doctrine became incorporated in our textbooks. The belief is now tradition rather than proved fact. It should have been refuted long since, as experience has demonstrated its falsity. 13 This passage is primarily co
39、ncerned with_. （ A） why the skillet is a handy piece of kitchen equipment （ B） the digestibility of fried foods （ C） why fried goods have long been frowned upon （ D） methods of preparing foods 14 The main idea of this passage is that_. （ A） contrary to popular opinion, fried goods are more easily as
40、similated than boiled goods （ B） fried goods are more easily digested than boiled foods though authorities believe the opposite to be true （ C） the public should eat more fried foods since they are as easily digested as boiled goods （ D） despite the traditional condemnation of fried goods, they are
41、easily digested as foods cooked in other ways 15 Apparently much fried food is eaten because_. （ A） it is easily prepared （ B） people engaged in active labor need the calories that fat supplies （ C） it is easily digested （ D） people do not read about nutrition 16 The author strongly implies that the
42、 public should_. （ A） avoid fried goods if possible （ B） prepare some foods by frying （ C） fry foods intended for adults but not for children （ D） avoid deep fat frying but otherwise fry selected foods 16 Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an approp
43、riate punishment for those proven utility. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expression the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.“ That is, the individual who has
44、 done wrong has committed an offense, society must get even. This can be done only by inflicting an equal injury upon him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal codes and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when demand the death penalty for a person
45、 who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to administer a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do som
46、ething that will counteract the denial and restore the self has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own life will pay his debt. The exaction of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his true. Modem jurists have tried to replace r
47、etributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded
48、 as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminal who are incu
49、rable should be permanently separated from the rest of society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him, If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accomplishing this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him
