1、2011年中国矿业大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Cloze 0 One word that you might have learned when you were studying about sound is frequency. Frequency means【 C1】 _fast the sound wave vibrates. Faster vibrations produce【 C2】 _pitched sounds. The notes in a musical scale indicate the【 C3】 _or frequency of the sound. 【
2、C4】 _word that can describe a sound is intensity. Intensity【 C5】 _to the amount of energy in a sound wave, and it【 C6】 _a sounds loudness. Printed music will often include notes about how loud or【 C7】 _to play each section of the music. Timbre is another 【 C8】_used to describe musical sounds. It des
3、cribes how the same note will have【 C9】_sounds when played【 C10】 _different instruments. For example the same note may sound soft and pretty when played on a flute, 【 C11】 _strong and brassy when played on a trumpet. The timbre of a note comes from both the actual note【 C12】_is played【 C13】 _also it
4、s overtones, 【 C14】 _are other higher and lower sounds that are produced【 C15】 _the same time. 1 【 C1】 2 【 C2】 3 【 C3】 4 【 C4】 5 【 C5】 6 【 C6】 7 【 C7】 8 【 C8】 9 【 C9】 10 【 C10】 11 【 C11】 12 【 C12】 13 【 C13】 14 【 C14】 15 【 C15】 二、 Reading Comprehension 15 The last of the dinosaurs lived during a time
5、 called the Cretaceous period. This time period lasted from about 135 million to 65.5 million years ago. Some sources give the years of 146,145, or 144 million to 65 million years ago. In the Cretaceous period, the middle of North America was covered by a shallow sea. The Atlantic Ocean began openin
6、g up between Europe and North America as those continents rifted. Other continents that had begun pulling away from each other in the Jurassic continued drifting apart. India was an island by itself. Evergreen trees, mosses, and ferns had been the main types of plants, but now in the Cretaceous, flo
7、wering plants appeared. Bees did, too. Hardwood trees like oaks and maples first appeared in the fossil record. Modem birds and mammals came into the fossil record. Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops came into existence. So did other ceratopsian dinosaurs, relatives of Triceratops, with their wide variet
8、y of facial horns and neck frills. Great herds of perhaps 10,000 Triceratops roamed the edges of the North American Inland Sea. The climate began to cool. At the end of the Cretaceous, another mass extinction wiped out as much as 90 percent of marine life and 50 percent of life on land. There were n
9、o more dinosaurs after the end of the Cretaceous, at about 65.5 million years ago. The Cenozoic era, also called the Age of Mammals, began. 16 The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period_. （ A） killed all the dinosaurs （ B） killed half of all life on land （ C） killed as much as 90 percen
10、t of marine life （ D） all of the above 17 Continents in the Cretaceous period were_. （ A） drifting apart （ B） moving towards each other （ C） in the same locations as they are today （ D） none of the above 18 The authors main purpose for writing this was to_. （ A） inform （ B） entertain （ C） warn （ D）
11、persuade 18 Physical therapy is the treatment of people of all ages with injured or diseased muscles, arms, or legs. Physical therapists, or PTs as they are often called, treat patients with exercise and massage. PTs do not use medicine to treat patients. Sometimes water or heat therapies are used f
12、or treatment as well. Physical therapy helps an injured or sick person move with less pain and stress. PTs are not medical doctors, but doctors often refer patients to physical therapists to help patients recover from injuries or deal with diseases. A PT studies the patients medical records. Then he
13、 or she develops a treatment plan to improve the patients ability to move the injured limb. PTs work with patients to strengthen damaged or weakened muscles. PTs may teach the patient how to use crutches, wheelchairs, or an artificial limb. Therapists want patients to be able to do as many daily act
14、ivities as they possibly can. The PT keeps a record of the patients progress. Treatments are changed according to the patients needs and rate of progress. Physical therapists must graduate from a physical therapy program at a college or university. A four year baccalaureate degree is required. In ad
15、dition, a masters degree requires two to two and one-half more years. A doctorate degree requires three years. Physical therapists must pass a national and/or state exam to get a license. Some PTs work in hospitals, nursing homes, or doctorsoffices. Some PTs travel to patients homes to work with pat
16、ients who are homebound. Some PTs work in schools, health clubs, or with sports teams. PTs may specialize in a certain field, such as sports medicine, working with athletes. They might choose cardiology, working, with patients with heart disease or defects. They might choose the field of pediatrics
17、if they like working with children. If you are a person who likes people and wants to help them improve their lives, you might like to be a physical therapist. If so, you should have strong communication and interpersonal skills. Above all, compassion is a required character trait for a PT. 19 Physi
18、cal therapists_helps patients get better. （ A） diets （ B） medicines （ C） surgery （ D） training 20 Which of these people would probably benefit most from physical therapy? （ A） A doctor who is tired from working long hours. （ B） A child who doesnt like to take medicine. （ C） An athlete who has torn a
19、 muscle. （ D） An athlete with cuts and bruises. 21 What is paragraph 4 mainly about? （ A） Job description for a physical therapist. （ B） Job requirements for a physical therapist. （ C） Job training and education for a physical therapist. （ D） All of the above. 22 Which of these is an opinion and not
20、 a fact? （ A） Some PTs travel to patients homes. （ B） Physical therapists have a rewarding job. （ C） Physical therapists first need a college degree. （ D） Physical therapists must pass an exam to get a license. 22 This amazing woman was born a poor German princess and became one of Russias greatest
21、emperors. She was born Princess Sophia August Frederika on May 2, 1729, in the Baltic seaport town of Stettin, then a part of German Pomerania. Her father was an obscure German military prince named Christian August, and her mother was Princess Joanna Elizabeth of Holstein-Gottorp. Her father was ru
22、ler of the tiny principality of Anhalt-Zerbst, but the greater part of his life was spent as an officer in the service of Prussia. In 1744, she arrived in Moscow with her mother to marry Peter, the Grand Duke of Holstein, grandson of Peter the Great and heir to the Russian throne(later Peter III). T
23、heir marriage was an unhappy one. Catherine(now baptized into the Russian Orthodox Church under that name)spent much of her time preparing for her future reign. In 1761, Peter was crowned emperor. Supported by the Russian military, Catherine overthrew Peter in 1762 and became Catherine II. She quick
24、ly began to make changes in government and society based on ideas learned from French-philosophers of the Enlightenment and the authors of ancient Rome. She was a friend of Voltaire and other European writers, and wrote stories and plays. She supported French writer and philosopher Denis Diderot whe
25、n he was broken-she bought his library, hired him to look after it at his own house, for which she paid him a salary for the next 50 years in advance. Catherine patronized the arts, music and education, and she put millions of rubles into the creation of the Hermitage Museum, which today is the deli
26、ght of Russia and the world. No other Russian monarch appreciated beauty as much as Catherine. She set the stage for the emergence of a national Russian culture that would become something unique and wonderful in the 19th century. Catherine established the first schools for women, including the Smol
27、ny Institute for in Petersburg. Also, Russias first public schools and universities were founded during her reign. Her rule was one of the most prosperous periods of the Russian Empire. She undertook a wide range of internal political reforms, waged two successful wars against the Ottoman Empire and
28、 occupied vast territories on Russias southern boundaries, eventually advancing the countrys border to the Black Sea. 23 How old was Catherine when she arrived in Russia to marry Grand Duke Peter of Holstein? （ A） 21 （ B） 15 （ C） 13 （ D） Not mentioned 24 How did Catherine become ruler of Russia? （ A
29、） Her father died. （ B） The people of Russia chose her. （ C） She inherited the title from her cousin. （ D） She used force to take over the government. 25 Catherine learned from_. （ A） ancient Roman authors （ B） Russian arts, music and education （ C） French philosophers of the Enlightenment （ D） Euro
30、pean writers such as Voltaire and Diderot 26 During her reign,_. （ A） Russia became a military superpower （ B） Public schools were established for girls （ C） Millions of rubles were robbed and stored （ D） All of the above 26 Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of
31、in life: death and taxes. Americans do not have a corner on the “death“ market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the most taxes. Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United State
32、s: federal, state, and city: therefore, there are three types of taxes. Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal governme
33、nt has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax increases as a persons income increase. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due. The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, or any of the other forty-ei
34、ght states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigare
35、ttes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing. Th
36、e third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax(people who own a home have to pay taxes on it)and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire department, public works and municipal buildings. Since Americans pay suc
37、h high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans
38、have different view on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high. 27 How do you understand “Americans do not have a corner on the death market“? （ A） Americans cant monopolize this market. （ B） There is no such place as a death market in the United States. （ C） Americans are
39、 not good at doing business in the death market. （ D） Americans do not have a secret place to keep from death in their life. 28 Whats the attitude of the Americans towards taxes? （ A） Take them easy. （ B） Try to resist them. （ C） Complain and protest. （ D） Take them as their duty. 29 Whats the diffe
40、rence between federal tax and state tax? （ A） They have the same percentage. （ B） It is not mentioned in the passage. （ C） The percentage for the state tax is higher than the federal tax. （ D） The percentage for the federal tax is higher than the state tax. 30 Which of the following is NOT true acco
41、rding to the passage? （ A） Excise tax is charged on cars. （ B） There is a unified state tax laws. （ C） Income tax increases as a persons income increases. （ D） Some states have both an income tax and a sales tax. 31 Which of the following usages of the taxes is NOT mentioned in the passage? （ A） For
42、 raising their revenues. （ B） For sustaining development. （ C） For police and fire departments. （ D） For public works and municipal building. 31 Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to ques
43、tion either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives. To start with, it is important
44、 to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe led, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversi
45、ty, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient. Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. T
46、hroughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity. Whats more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a
47、 year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions. All this mean that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20st. This will require radical thinking. For example, we need to m
48、ove away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact“. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need, to maintain product
49、ion without increasing damage. Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various ways land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental cost, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with add
