1、2012年复旦大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the_way the store was organized. （ A） logical （ B） haphazard （ C） orderly （ D） tidy 2 Mississippi also upholds the Souths well-deserved reputation for warm, hospitable people
2、; balmy year-round weather and truly_cuisine. （ A） destructive （ B） horrible （ C） amiable （ D） delectable 3 If she is stupid, shes_pleasant to look at. （ A） at any rate （ B） by chance （ C） at a loss （ D） by the way 4 The mother was_with grief when she heard that her child was dead. （ A） fantastic （
3、B） frank （ C） frantic （ D） frenzy 5 In your teens, peer-group friendships may_from parents as the major influence on you. （ A） take control （ B） take place （ C） take up （ D） take over 6 Parents often faced the_between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could
4、 stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness. （ A） paradox （ B） junction （ C） premise （ D） dilemma 7 There have been demonstrations on the streets_the recent terrorist attack. （ A） in the wake of （ B） in the course of （ C） in the context of （ D） in the light of 8 Thousands of Medicare pa
5、tients with chronic medical conditions have been wrongly_ access to necessary care. （ A） grudged （ B） denied （ C） negated （ D） invalidated 9 It has been proposed by many linguists that human language_, our biologically programmed ability to use language, is still not well defined and understood. （ A
6、） potentiality （ B） perception （ C） faculty （ D） acquisition 10 Western medicine, _science and practiced by people with academic internationally accepted medical degrees, is only one of many systems of healing. （ A） rooted in （ B） originated from （ C） trapped in （ D） indulged in 11 When I asked if a
7、 black politician could win in France, however, he responded_: “ No, conditions are different here. “ （ A） ambiguously （ B） implicitly （ C） unhesitatingly （ D） optimistically 12 The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplace can be effectively _by the use of humor. （ A
8、） acquainted （ B） installed （ C） regulated （ D） facilitated 13 In both America and Europe, it is_to tip the waiter or waitress anywhere from 10% to 20%. （ A） elementary （ B） temporary （ C） voluntary （ D） customary 14 Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps_rigid de
9、partmental boundaries. （ A） pass over （ B） stand for （ C） break down （ D） set off 15 As a teenager, I was_by a blind passion for a slim star I would never meet in my life. （ A） pursued （ B） seduced （ C） consumed （ D） guaranteed 16 His originality as a composer is_by the following group of songs. （ A
10、） exemplified （ B） created （ C） performed （ D） realized 17 They are going to London, but their_destination is Rome. （ A） ultimate （ B） prime （ C） next （ D） cardinal 18 The poor old man was_with diabetes and without proper treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon. （ A） suffe
11、red （ B） afflicted （ C） induced （ D） infected 19 The bride and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their family offered to take them to Rome to_the marriage. （ A） terminate （ B） initiate （ C） consummate （ D） separate 20 John said that the richer countries of the world should make a_eff
12、ort to help the poorer countries. （ A） futile （ B） glittering （ C） frantic （ D） concentrated 21 The problem is inherent and_in any democracy, but it has been more severe in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government, politics and politicians. （ A） pe
13、rishable （ B） periodical （ C） perverse （ D） perennial 22 As is known to all, _commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later. （ A） counterfeit （ B） fake （ C） imitative （ D） fraudulent 23 It would be_to think that this could solve all the areas problems straight away. （ A） subtle （ B
14、） feeble （ C） nasty （ D） naive 24 It is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have_such a crime. （ A） confirmed （ B） clarified （ C） committed （ D） conveyed 25 Humans are _, which enables them to make decisions even when they cant justify why. （ A） rational （ B） reasonable （ C） hesitant
15、 （ D） intuitive 26 More than 100_cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province have now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that are destroying crops. （ A） loose （ B） tamed （ C） wild （ D） stray 27 To say that his resignation was a shock would be an_ it caused panic.
16、（ A） excuse （ B） indulgence （ C） exaggeration （ D） understatement 28 Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher, aiming at truth, must not_the seduction of trying to write beautifully. （ A） subject to （ B） carry on （ C） yield to （ D） aim at 29 I found the subject very difficult, and at o
17、ne time thought I should have to give it up, but you directions are so clear and_that I have succeeded in getting a picture we all think pretty, though wanting in the tender grace of yours. （ A） on the point （ B） off the point （ C） to the point （ D） up to a point 30 They both watched as the crime sc
18、ene technicians took samples of various fibers and bagged them, dusted for fingerprints, took pictures and tried to_what could have happened. （ A） rehearse （ B） reiterate （ C） reinforce （ D） reenact 二、 Reading Comprehension 30 In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of the
19、ir two-year-old was told that since the child bad made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three-year-old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $ 750, 000. The t
20、ransformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizers excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful“ child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the pres
21、ent-day notion of the “ useless“ child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless“. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800s. This new view of childhood spread throughout society
22、in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a childs emotional value made child labor taboo. For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The grad
23、ual erosion of childrens productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family(a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty)were all factors critical i
24、n changing the assessment of childrens worth. Yet “expulsion of children from the cash nexus , . although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,“ Zelizer maintains, “was also part of a cultural process of sacralization of childrens lives. “ Protectin
25、g children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace. In stressing the cultural determinants
26、 of a childs worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “ sociological economics“ , who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the f
27、orm of individual “preferences“ , these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As chil
28、dren became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange“ or “surrender“ value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater. 31 It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nine
29、teenth century tended to be based principally on the_. （ A） earnings of the person at time of death （ B） wealth of the party causing the death （ C） degree of culpability of the party causing the death （ D） amount of money that had been spent on the person killed 32 It can be inferred from the passag
30、e that in the early 1800s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who_. （ A） needed enormous amounts of security and affection （ B） required constant supervision while working （ C） were important to the economic well-being of a family （ D） were unsuited to spending long hou
31、rs in school 33 Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage? （ A） The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents began
32、 to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children. （ B） The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly. （ C） The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because
33、the spread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual. （ D） The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor. 34 The primary purpose of
34、 the passage is to_. （ A） review the literature in a new academic subfield （ B） present the central thesis of a recent book （ C） contrast two approaches to analyze historical change （ D） refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon 35 Zelizer refers to all of the following as important in
35、fluences in changing the assessment of childrens worth except changes in_. （ A） the mortality rate （ B） the nature of industry （ C） the nature of the family （ D） attitudes toward reform movements 35 A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great co
36、nfusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied, “Im going to walk where I like. Weve got liberty now. “ It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down th
37、e middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody elses way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy. There is a danger of the world getting liberty drunk in these days like the old lady with
38、 the basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the policeman, say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out hi
39、s hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny, but of liberty. You may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office, feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a r
40、easonable person, you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social
41、 order which makes your liberty a reality. Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social contract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which do not touch anybody elses liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown who shall say m
42、e nay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have liberty to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeing my hair, or waxing my moustache(which heaven forbid), or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no mans permission
43、. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth, or champagne to shandy. In all these and a thousand other details you and I please ourselves and ask
44、no ones leave. We have a whole kingdom in which we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out of that kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other peoples liberty. I might like to practice on the trombo
45、ne from midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom my family will object, and if I do it out in the streets the neighbors will remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone must not interfere with their libert
46、y to sleep in quiet. There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties. We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the righ
47、ts or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct. It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, and declare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the littl
48、e habits of commonplace intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey. 36 The author might have stated his “rule of the road“ as_. （ A） do not walk in the middle of the road （ B） follow the orders of policemen （ C） do not behave inconsiderately in public （ D）
49、do what you like in private 37 The authors attitude to the old lady in paragraph one is_. （ A） condescending （ B） intolerant （ C） objective （ D） supportive 38 A situation analogous to the “insolence of office“ described in Paragraph 2 would be_. （ A） a teacher correcting grammar errors （ B） an editor shortening the text of an article （ C） a tax inspector demanding to see someone
