1、2013年山东大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that _ the speakers stopped for refreshments. （ A） at large （ B） at intervals （ C） at ease （ D） at random 2 When traveling, you are advised to take travelers checks, which provide a secure_to carryin
2、g your money in cash. （ A） substitute （ B） selection （ C） inference （ D） alternative 3 I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a_character. （ A） gracious （ B） suspicious （ C） unique （ D） particular 4 Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it,
3、and this _produces artificial cold surrounding it. （ A） absorption （ B） transition （ C） consumption （ D） interaction 5 Language, culture, and personality may be considered_of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact. （ A） indistinctly （ B） separately （ C） irrelevantly （ D） independent
4、ly 6 Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25 th_the birth of Jesus Christ. （ A） in accordance with （ B） in terms of （ C） in favor of （ D） in honor of 7 To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must_the qualities and varieties of products we make t
5、o the world market demand. （ A） improve （ B） enhance （ C） guarantee （ D） gear 8 To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed_and means of packing. （ A） specimens （ B） inspections （ C） samples （ D） specifications 9 Many of
6、the conditions that_population pressures overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness lead to dissatisfaction. （ A） bring forward （ B） give rise to （ C） feed up with （ D） result from 10 Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily_for a month or a year as for a single
7、 day. （ A） put up （ B） stay up （ C） speed up （ D） make up 11 The fact that the earths surface heats_provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region. （ A） infrequently （ B） irregularly （ C） unsteadily （ D） uneveny 12 If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird_ a set of actio
8、ns to protect its offspring. （ A） hastens （ B） releases （ C） devises （ D） initiates 13 How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be_to tourist spending? （ A） attributed （ B） applied （ C） contributed （ D） attached 14 Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and
9、_for us in an advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old. （ A） ingredient （ B） reliance （ C） shelter （ D） inclination 15 Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to_wonderful bargains in the market. （ A） pick up （ B） bump
10、into （ C） pile up （ D） bring back 16 Scientists are searching for the oldest tree _ because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change. （ A） lively （ B） alive （ C） living （ D） live 17 The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City_shock and anger throughout the
11、 world. （ A） tempted （ B） provoked （ C） summoned （ D） enveloped 18 A 1994 World Bank report concluded that_girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today. （ A） enrolling （ B） assigning （ C） involving （ D） consenting 19 The UN official said ai
12、d programs will be_until there is adequate protection for relief personnel. （ A） multiplied （ B） arrested （ C） spanned （ D） suspended 20 Despite almost universal _ of the vital importance of womens literacy, education remains a dream for many women in far too many countries of the world. （ A） confes
13、sion （ B） identification （ C） acknowledgement （ D） compliment 21 Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must now_much of their food. （ A） deliver （ B） import （ C） produce （ D） develop 22 Because Jenkins neither_nor defends either management or the striking workers, both
14、 aides admire his journalistic_. （ A） criticizes. acumen （ B） attacks.neutrality （ C） confronts.aptitude （ D） dismisses.flair 23 Some anthropologists claim that a few apes have been taught a rudimentary sign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only_their trainers. （ A） imitating （ B） con
15、doning （ C） instructing （ D） acknowledging 24 It is ironic that the_insights of the great thinkers are voiced so often that they have become mere_. （ A） original. cliches （ B） banal. beliefs （ C） dubious. habits （ D） philosophical. questions 25 The most frustrating periods of any diet are the inevit
16、able _, when weight loss _if not stops. （ A） moods. accelerates （ B） feasts. halts （ C） holidays. contracts （ D） plateaus. slows 26 Since the authors unflattering references to her friends were so_, she was surprised that her_were recognized. （ A） laudatory. styles （ B） obvious. anecdotes （ C） obliq
17、ue. allusions （ D） critical. eulogies 27 If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does not the erosion of religion herald the_of morality? （ A） regulation （ B） basis （ C） belief （ D） collapse 28 Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be _, and therefore _ ex
18、ternal factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species. （ A） learned. immune to （ B） innate. unaffected by （ C） intricate. belong to （ D） specific. confused with 29 Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy_
19、at any price. （ A） order （ B） emancipation （ C） hope （ D） liberty 30 As a person who combines care with_, Marisa completed her duties with_as well as zeal. （ A） levity. resignation （ B） enthusiasm. meticulousness （ C） vitality. willingness （ D） empathy. rigor 二、 Cloze 30 The study of genetics has gi
20、ven rise to a profitable new industry called biotechnology. As the name【 C1】 _, it combines biology and modern technology through such【 C2】 _as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, 【 C3】 _in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent(取得专利 )seeds tha
21、t give a high yield(产量 ), that【 C4】 _disease, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. 【 C5】 _such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some have raised【 C6】_about genetically engineered crops. “In nature, genetic diversity(多样性 )is created within cert
22、ain limits,“ says the book Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. “ A rose can be crossed(杂交 )with a different kind of rose, but a rose will【 C7】 _cross with a potato. “ Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another in
23、an attempt to【 C8】 _a desired property or character. This could mean, 【 C9】 _, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, and joining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engin
24、eered with genes【 C10】 _from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. 【 C11】_, then, biotechnology allows humans to break the genetic walls that【 C12】_species. Like the green revolution, 【 C13】 _some call the gene revolution【 C14】_to the problem of genetic uniformity(千篇一律 ) some say even
25、more so【 C15】 _geneticists can employ techniques such【 C16】 _cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly 【 C17】 _copies, or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new【 C18】 _, such as the effects that they may have on us
26、 and the environment. “We are flying blindly into a new【 C19】 _of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential【 C20】_,“ said science writer Jeremy Rifkin. 31 【 C1】 （ A） suggests （ B） recalls （ C） concerns （ D） advises 32 【 C2】 （ A） concepts （ B） views
27、 （ C） techniques （ D） courses 33 【 C3】 （ A） participate （ B） focus （ C） specialize （ D） involve 34 【 C4】 （ A） treat （ B） avoid （ C） oppose （ D） resist 35 【 C5】 （ A） If （ B） Unless （ C） Since （ D） As 36 【 C6】 （ A） demands （ B） topics （ C） concerns （ D） lessons 37 【 C7】 （ A） sometimes （ B） never （ C）
28、frequently （ D） eventually 38 【 C8】 （ A） convey （ B） transfer （ C） select （ D） collect 39 【 C9】 （ A） for example （ B） for one thing （ C） on one hand （ D） in any case 40 【 C10】 （ A） resulted （ B） evolved （ C） injected （ D） taken 41 【 C11】 （ A） In contrast （ B） In that （ C） In case （ D） In essence 42
29、【 C12】 （ A） separate （ B） form （ C） create （ D） vary 43 【 C13】 （ A） what （ B） where （ C） as （ D） so 44 【 C14】 （ A） combines （ B） contributes （ C） commands （ D） breaks 45 【 C15】 （ A） that （ B） because （ C） if （ D） when 46 【 C16】 （ A） like （ B） for example （ C） as （ D） is 47 【 C17】 （ A） resembling （ B
30、） alike （ C） similar （ D） identical 48 【 C18】 （ A） issues （ B） height （ C） difficulties （ D） goals 49 【 C19】 （ A） spot （ B） era （ C） deadline （ D） scheme 50 【 C20】 （ A） navigations （ B） mystery （ C） outcomes （ D） destinations 三、 Reading Comprehension 50 The Carnegie Foundation report says that many
31、colleges have tried to be “all things to all people“. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends
32、. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven by careerism, “the nations colleges and universities are more successfu
33、l in providing credentials(文凭 )than in providing a quality education for their students. “The report concludes that the special challenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to con
34、nections across the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. “ Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie study found that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. As one
35、 professor observed: “Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that research and publication matter most. “ Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicated themselv
36、es to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure(终身任期 ), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that “ There is pressure to publ
37、ish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of the publications. “ 51 When a college tries to be “all things to all people“(Line 1-2, Para. 1)it aims to_. （ A） satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneously （ B） focus on training students
38、 in various skills （ C） encourage students to take as many courses as possible （ D） make learning serve academic rather than productive ends 52 By saying that “in too many academic fields, the work has no context“(Lines 4-5, Pare. 1)the author means that the teaching in these areas_. （ A） ignores th
39、e actual situation （ B） is not based on the right perspective （ C） only focuses on an integrated core of common learning （ D） gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students 53 One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities is that （ A） a narrow v
40、ocationalism has come to dominate many colleges （ B） students dont have enough freedom in choosing what they want to learn （ C） skills are being taught as a means to an end （ D） students are only interested in obtaining credentials 54 American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of the
41、ir four-year degree candidates because_. （ A） most of them lack high-quality faculties （ B） the interests of most faculty members lie in research （ C） there are not enough incentives for students to study hard （ D） they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching 55 It can
42、 be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for_. （ A） putting academic work in the proper context （ B） a commitment to students and effective teaching （ C） the practice of putting learning to productive ends （ D） dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge 55 E
43、ndangered Species Endangered species are plants and animals that are in immediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth, many more species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared
44、 because of changes of climate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation(捕食 ). Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment(侵犯 )on natural ecology systems. Today
45、 the majority of the worlds environments are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes through natural selection. Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primary cause is the destruction of natural habitats(栖息地 ). Drainage of wetlands(沼泽地
46、 ), cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and dam construction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the various surroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Spe
47、cies in these small islands lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes. Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or
48、 endangered. Introduced diseases and parasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another important cause of their extinction. Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to save declining species. Laws were made in some countries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, approved by 51 nations. Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulating and restricting trade in c
