1、2015年南京大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 The ambassador was accused of having_on domestic affairs. （ A） trespassed （ B） encroached （ C） entrenched （ D） invaded 2 The goal is to use crops, weeds and even animal waste_the petroleum that fuels much of American manufacturing. （ A） in terms
2、of （ B） in favor of （ C） in spite of （ D） in place of 3 As computer security systems become even more advanced, _the methods of those who try to break into them illegally. （ A） so much do （ B） so too do （ C） as much as （ D） as well as 4 Parents with only one child tend to have higher academic_for th
3、eir child. （ A） ambitions （ B） intentions （ C） propositions （ D） aspirations 5 A series of attempts_made, he came to realize that he had underestimated the enormity of the task. （ A） were （ B） to be （ C） had been （ D） having been 6 Manufacturing is Chinas most important economic activity, _over 30 p
4、ercent of the workforce. （ A） including （ B） engaging （ C） approximating （ D） accounting 7 The writer seems to_between approving of Collins actions and finding them disgusting. （ A） alter （ B） transform （ C） vacillate （ D） vibrate 8 A lie is as much a lie, when it is whispered, as when it is_at the
5、market cross. （ A） proclaimed （ B） reclaimed （ C） acclaimed （ D） claimed 9 The_of computer technology has led to major changes in our social and family life. （ A） fraudulence （ B） arrival （ C） dawn （ D） advent 10 Teenage children began to assert their independence and this can lead to good deal of_i
6、n the family. （ A） controversy （ B） friction （ C） restriction （ D） contradiction 11 Their reflexive mindset tells scientists that all claims, _political, moral, or religious are open to examination and critique. （ A） be they （ B） However they are （ C） no matter they are （ D） whether they be 12 The d
7、evelopment of the English language falls into three reasonably _periods: Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. （ A） cutting （ B） rational （ C） distinct （ D） disputable 13 The death of his father gave him a whole new_on life: now he spends more time with his family. （ A） perspective （ B） e
8、uphemism （ C） conformation （ D） providence 14 As the leaves turn yellow and fall, you can feel the_of winter. （ A） approach （ B） effect （ C） surrounding （ D） specimen 15 The teachers role is not simply to_knowledge to students; he should also set a good example for them. （ A） provide （ B） impart （ C
9、） share （ D） stretch 16 Thomas Leech_a very successful career as a photographer. （ A） built up （ B） carved out （ C） fought for （ D） stumbled on 17 Hardys weakness_his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain
10、the energetic and risky ones. （ A） lay in （ B） gave rise to （ C） shed light on （ D） derived from 18 Although this theory was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned _the opposing view. （ A） in favor of （ B） in place of （ C） instead of （ D） in terms of 19 Historians such as Le R
11、oy Laduric have used the documents to extract case histories, which have_the attitudes of different social groups and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. （ A） laminated （ B） ruminated （ C） illuminated （ D） eliminated 20 As our work is not done yet, Im in no_to go out for a movie
12、tonight. （ A） mind （ B） temper （ C） mood （ D） disposition 二、 Cloze 20 Smoking, which may be a pleasure for some people, is a seruious source of discomfort for their fellows.【 C1】 _, medical authorities express their【 C2】_about the effect of smoking【 C3】 _the health not only of those who smoke but al
13、so of those who dont. In fact, non-smokers who must【 C4】 _inhale the air polluted by tobacco smoke may【 C5】 _more than the smokers themselves. A【 C6】 _number of our students have【 C7】 _in an effort to【 C8】_the university to ban smoking in the classrooms. I believe they are【 C9】_right in their aim.【
14、C10】 _, I would hope that it is【 C11】 _to achieve this by【 C12】 _the smokers to use good judgment and show concern【 C13】 _others rather than by regulation. I am therefore asking you to【 C14】 _“No Smoking“ in the auditoriums, classrooms and seminar rooms. This will prove that you have the non-smokers
15、 health and well-being【 C15】 _, which is very important to a large number of our students. 21 【 C1】 （ A） Still （ B） More （ C） Again （ D） Further 22 【 C2】 （ A） concern （ B） trouble （ C） interest （ D） displeasure 23 【 C3】 （ A） on （ B） in （ C） with （ D） to 24 【 C4】 （ A） involuntarily （ B） instinctively
16、 （ C） spontaneously （ D） reluctantly 25 【 C5】 （ A） endure （ B） suffer （ C） undergo （ D） put up with 26 【 C6】 （ A） few （ B） considerable （ C） many （ D） quantitative 27 【 C7】 （ A） linked （ B） connected （ C） associated （ D） joined 28 【 C8】 （ A） make （ B） persuade （ C） cause （ D） commit 29 【 C9】 （ A） en
17、tirely （ B） totally （ C） just （ D） wholly 30 【 C10】 （ A） But then （ B） However （ C） Although （ D） Moreove 31 【 C11】 （ A） likely （ B） probably （ C） capable （ D） possible 32 【 C12】 （ A） pleading （ B） begging （ C） insisting （ D） calling on 33 【 C13】 （ A） with （ B） for （ C） to （ D） in 34 【 C14】 （ A） ins
18、cribe （ B） decorate （ C） maintain （ D） claim 35 【 C15】 （ A） on head （ B） in heart （ C） in mind （ D） in your brain 三、 Reading Comprehension 35 According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of social group in the United States. In the
19、 family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship group, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through elect
20、ion or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders“. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rath
21、er, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are h
22、eld by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done“. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a socia
23、l groups members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group menbers and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and
24、 provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the groups goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship t
25、o others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally r
26、eceive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect. 36 What does the passage mainly discuss? （ A） The problems faced by leaders （ B） How leadership differs in small and large groups （ C） How socia
27、l groups determine who will lead them （ D） The role of leaders in social groups 37 The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT （ A） recruitment. （ B） formal election process. （ C） specific leadership training. （ D） traditional cultural patterns. 38 In men
28、tioning “natural leaders“ in paragraph two, the author is making the point that （ A） few people qualify as “natural leaders“. （ B） there is no proof that “natural leaders“ exist. （ C） natural leaders are easily accepted by the members of a social group. （ D） natural leaders share a similar set of ch
29、aracteristics. 39 Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph two? （ A） A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader of another group. （ B） Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person. （ C） A pe
30、rson can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership. （ D） Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications. 40 The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on （ A） ensuring harmonious relationship. （ B） shari
31、ng responsibility with group members. （ C） identifying new leaders. （ D） achieving a goal. 40 The word hospice is hundreds of years old. It comes to us from the time called the Middle Ages in Europe. Religious groups then provided hospice as a place where traveler could stay. Sometimes the groups al
32、so offered a place for the sick and the dying. Today the word hospice means more than a place. It means a way of caring for the dying. In the modern sense of the word, it means that, if possible, dying people can receive care at home during their last days; and the health-care workers do not try to
33、lengthen the lives of the dying with modern medical equipment. Instead, care-givers make every effort to control or stop the patients pain. It also means that patients get help for their emotional needs in addition to their physical needs. A British woman Cicely Saunders was the first major activist
34、 for hospice care in modern times. Cicely Saunders worked as a nurse in a hospital right after World War II , where she met a man who was dying of cancer. Together they found ideas about the best possible treatment for people who would never get well again. They talked about treatments that would pe
35、rmit patients to discuss their feelings and to take part in activities meaningful to them. They planned a system that would allow dying people to be surrounded by the people and things they loved most. The dying man gave Cicely Saunders enough money to study to become a doctor. By 1967 Dr. Saunders
36、had organized and opened St. Christophers Hospice in London. In 1974, after the Americas first hospice started in New Haven, others followed suit in cities throughout the country. Organizers had a difficult job. They had to teach the public about the idea of hospice. They had to get money from compa
37、nies, religious groups and citizens. And they had to negotiate with local govermments to use public money to care for the dying. Thanks to their unyielding determination and painstaking efforts, hospice has grown in America. Dr. Jo Magno, the President of the National Hospice Organization, said that
38、 working with the dying occasionally made her sad. Yet she remembers the words of Dr. Cicely Saunders “We can not add days to life, but we can add life to days. “ 41 What is the original meaning the word “hospice“? （ A） It was a place where the homeless old people were taken care of. （ B） It was a p
39、lace where religious people lived. （ C） It was a place offered by churches for the travelers. （ D） It was a place where doctors treated patients. 42 In the modern sense of the word, hospice includes all of the following EXCEPT （ A） a priest is invited to pray for the dying. （ B） a dying patient is t
40、aken care of at his home. （ C） efforts are made to reduce the pain of the dying people. （ D） the psychological needs of the dying are considered and cared for. 43 What did Cicely and the man talk about? （ A） How to advise the hospital to treat the dying patients. （ B） How to make arrangement for the
41、 patients who had no hope of recovery. （ C） The meaningful activities for all patients to take part in. （ D） The kind of people that are allowed to visit the patients. 44 How did Cicely Saunders complete her study? （ A） By working part-time. （ B） Be obtaining a fellowship. （ C） With the help of a ma
42、ns money. （ D） Through her management of St. Christophers Hospice. 45 Which is a correct statement about the early American hospice? （ A） It was an immediate success as a result of the effort by Dr. Cicely. （ B） It was probably not easy to persuade companies to provide financial support. （ C） Many p
43、eople readily accepted the new idea. （ D） Local governments forbade what they did. 45 What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks“ who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citi
44、zens of prosperous, essentially middel-class republicswhether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americanshave always shown a marked taste for portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing numbers of such people, a
45、nd of the artists how could meet their demands. The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surpisingly, form New Englandespecially Connecticut and Massachusettsfor this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a few decades after the singning of th
46、e Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and Missouri. Midway through its first century as a nation, the United States population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to the original thirteen. During these years the demand for port
47、raits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by the camera. In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits. Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commis
48、sioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional. But in the heyday of portrait painting-from the late eighteenth century until the 1850sanyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a portaitist was called. Local craftspeople-sign, coach, and house paintersbegan to
49、paint portraits as a profitable sideline; sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits; artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvases, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting. 46 In lines 3-5 the author mentions seven
