1、GMAT（ VERBAL）阅读模拟试卷 11及答案与解析 0 Joseph Glatthaars Forged in Battle is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War, but it uses more soldiers letters and diariesincluding rare material from Black soldiers and concentrates more intensely on Black-White rela
2、tions in Black regiments than do any of its predecessors. Glatthaars title ex- presses his thesis: loyalty, friendship, and respect among White officers and Black soldiers were fostered by the mutual dangers they faced in combat. Glatthaar accurately describes the governments discriminatory treatmen
3、t of Black soldiers in pay, promotion, medical care, and job assignments, appropriately emphasizing the campaign by Black soldiers and their officers to get the opportunity to fight. That chance remained limited throughout the war by army policies that kept most Black units serving in rear-echelon a
4、ssignments and working in labor battalions. Thus, while their combat death rate was only one-third that of White units, their mortality rate from disease, a major killer in this war, was twice as great. Despite these obstacles, the courage and effectiveness of several Black units in combat won incre
5、asing respect from initially skeptical or hostile White soldiers. As one White officer put it, “they have fought their way into the respect of all the army. “ In trying to demonstrate the magnitude of this attitudinal change, however, Glatthaar seems to exaggerate the prewar racism of the White men
6、who became officers in Black regiments. “Prior to the war,“ he writes of these men, “virtually all of them held powerful racial prejudices.“ While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other self-serving motives, this statement misrepresents the attitudes of the many
7、 abolitionists who became officers in Black regiments. Having spent years fighting against the race prejudice endemic in American society, they participated eagerly in this military experiment, which they hoped would help African Americans achieve freedom and postwar civil equality. By current stand
8、ards of racial egalitarian-ism , these men s paternalism toward African Americans was racist. But to call their feelings “powerful racial prejudices“ is to indulge in generational chau- vinism to judge past eras by present standards. 1 The passage as a whole can best be characterized as which of the
9、 following? （ A） An evaluation of a scholarly study. （ B） A dascription of an attitudinal change. （ C） A discussion of an analytical defect. （ D） An analysis of the causes of a phenomenon. （ E） An argument in favor of revising a view. 2 According to the author, which of the following is true of Glat
10、thaar s Forged in Battle compared with previous studies on the same topic? （ A） It is more reliable and presents a more complete picture of the historical events on which it concentrates than do previous studies. （ B） It uses more of a particular kind of source material and focuses more closely on a
11、 particular aspect of the topic than do previous studies. （ C） It contains some unsupported generalizations, but it rightly emphasizes a theme ignored by most previous studies. （ D） It surpasses previous studies on the same topic in that it accurately describes conditions often neglected by those st
12、udies. （ E） It makes skillful use of supporting evidence to illustrate a subtle trend that previous studies have failed to detect. 3 The author implies that the title of Glatthaar s book refers specifically to which of the following? （ A） The sense of pride and accomplishment that Black soldiers inc
13、reasingly felt as a result of their Civil War experiences. （ B） The civil equality that African Americans achieved after the Civil War, partly as a result of their use of organizational skills honed by combat. （ C） The changes in discriminatory army policies that were made as a direct result of the
14、performance of Black combat units during the Civil War. （ D） The improved interracial relations that were formed by the races facing of common dangers and their waging of a common fight during the Civil War. （ E） The standards of racial egalitarianism that came to be adopted as a result of White Civ
15、il War veterans repudiation of the previous racism. 4 The passage mentions which of the following as an important theme that receives special emphasis in Glatthaar s book? （ A） The attitudes of abolitionist officers in Black units. （ B） The struggle of Black units to get combat assignments. （ C） The
16、 consequences of the poor medical care received by Black soldiers. （ D） The motives of officers serving in Black units. （ E） The discrimination that Black soldiers faced when trying for promotions. 5 The passage suggests that which of the following was true of Black units disease mortality rates in
17、the Civil War? （ A） They were almost as high as the combat mortality rates of White units. （ B） They resulted in part from the relative inexperience of these units when in combat. （ C） They were especially high because of the nature of these units usual duty assignments. （ D） They resulted in extrem
18、ely high overall casualty rates in Black combat units. （ E） They exacerbated the morale problems that were caused by the army s discriminatory policies. 6 The author of the passage quotes the White officer in lines 33 35 primarily in order to provide evidence to support the contention that （ A） virt
19、ually all White officers initially had hostile attitudes toward Black soldiers. （ B） Black soldiers were often forced to defend themselves from physical attacks initiated by soldiers from White units. （ C） the combat performance of Black units changed the attitudes of White soldiers toward Black sol
20、diers. （ D） White units paid especially careful attention to the performance of Black units in battle. （ E） respect in the army as a whole was accorded only to those units, whether Black or White, that performed well in battle. 7 Which of the following best describes the kind of error attributed to
21、Glatthaar in lines 38 - 40? （ A） Insisting on an unwarranted distinction between two groups of individuals in order to render an argument concerning them internally consistent. （ B） Supporting an argument in favor of a given interpretation of a situation with evidence that is not particularly releva
22、nt to the situation. （ C） Presenting a distorted view of the motives of certain individuals in order to provide grounds for a negative evaluation of their actions. （ D） Describing the conditions prevailing before a given event in such a way that the contrast with those prevailing after the event app
23、ears more striking than it actually is. （ E） Asserting that a given event is caused by another event merely because the other event occurred before the given event occurred. 8 Which of the following actions can best be described as indulging in “ generational chauvinism“(lines 59 - 60)as that practi
24、ce is defined in the passage? （ A） Condemning a present-day monarch merely because many monarchs have been tyrannical in the past. （ B） Clinging to the formal standards of politeness common in one s youth to such a degree that any relaxation of those standards is intolerable. （ C） Questioning the ac
25、curacy of a report written by an employee merely because of the employees gender. （ D） Deriding the superstitions accepted as “ science“ in past eras without acknowledging the prevalence of irrational beliefs today. （ E） Labeling a nineteenth-century politician as “ corrupt“ for engaging in once-acc
26、eptable practices considered intolerable today. 8 It was once assumed that all living things could be divided into two fundamental and exhaustive categories. Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellular organisms, are eukary-otic their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus
27、 and many organelles. On the other hand, the true bacteria are prokaryotic cell, which are simple and lack a nucleus. The distinction between eukaryotes and bacteria, initially defined in terms of subcellular structures visible with a microscope, was ultimately carried to the molecular level. Here p
28、rokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many features in common. For instance, they translate genetic information into proteins according to the same type of genetic coding. But even where the molecular processes are the same, the details in the two forms are different and characteristic of the respect
29、ive forms. For example, the amino acid sequences of various enzymes tend to be typically prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The differences between the groups and the similarities within each group made it seem certain to most biologists that the tree of life had only two stems. Moreover, arguments pointing
30、 out the extent of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose. Although much of this picture has been sustained by more recent re
31、search, it seems fundamentally wrong in one re- spect. Among the bacteria, there are organisms that are significantly different both from the cells of eukaryotes and from the true bacteria, and it now appears that there are three stems in the tree of life. New techniques for determining the molecula
32、r sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes. These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacte
33、ria indeed form a large co- herent group, certain other bacteria, the archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the com- mon ancestor of all true bacteria. 9 The passage is primarily concerned with （ A） de
34、tailing the evidence that has led most biologists to replace the tri-chotomous picture of living organisms with a dichotomous one. （ B） outlining the factors that have contributed to the current hypothesis concerning the number of basic categories of living organisms. （ C） evaluating experiments tha
35、t have resulted in proof that the prokaryotes are more ancient than had been expected. （ D） summarizing the differences in structure and function found among true bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes. （ E） formulating a hypothesis about the mechanisms of evolution that resulted in the ancestors
36、of the prokaryotes. 10 According to the passage, investigations of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells at the molecular level supported the conclusion that （ A） most eukaryotic organisms are unicellular. （ B） complex cells have well-formed nucles. （ C） prokaryotes and eukaryotes form two fundamental ca
37、tegories. （ D） subcellular structures are visible with a microscope. （ E） prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have similar enzymes. 11 According to the passage, which of the following statements about the two-category hypothesis is likely to be true? （ A） It is promising because it explains the presenc
38、e of true bacteria-like organisms such as organelles in eukaryotic cells. （ B） It is promising because it explains why eukaryotic cells, unlike prokaryotic cells, tend to form multicellular organisms. （ C） It is flawed because it fails to account for the great variety among eukaryotic organisms. （ D
39、） It is flawed because it fails to account for the similarity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. （ E） It is flawed because it fails to recognize an important distinction among prokaryotes. 12 It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following have recently been compared in order to cla
40、rify the fundamental classifications of living things? （ A） The genetic coding in true bacteria and that in other prokaryotes. （ B） The organelle structures of archae-bacteria, true bacteria, and eukaryotes. （ C） The cellular structures of multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms. （ D） The
41、molecular sequences in eukaryotic RNA, true bacterial RNA, and archaebacterial RNA. （ E） The amino acid sequences in enzymes of various eukaryotic species and those of enzymes in archaebacterial species. 13 If the “new techniques“ mentioned in line 45 were applied in studies of biological classifica
42、tions other than bacteria, which of the following is most likely? （ A） Some of those classifications will have to be reevaluated. （ B） Many species of bacteria will be reclassified. （ C） It will be determined that there are four main categories of living things rather than three. （ D） It will be fou
43、nd that true bacteria are much older than eukaryotes. （ E） It will be found that there is a common ancestor of the eukaryotes, ar-chaebacteria, and true bacteria. 14 According to the passage, researchers working under the two-category hypothesis were correct in thinking that （ A） prokaryotes form a
44、coherent group. （ B） the common ancestor of all living things had complex properties. （ C） eukaryotes are fundamentally different from true bacteria. （ D） true bacteria are just as complex as eukaryotes. （ E） ancestral versions of eukaryotic genes functioned differently from their modern counterpart
45、s. 15 All of the following statements are supported by the passage EXCEPT: （ A） True bacteria form a distinct evolutionary group. （ B） Archaebacteria are prokaryotes that resemble true bacteria. （ C） True bacteria and eukaryotes employ similar types of genetic coding. （ D） True bacteria and eukaryot
46、es are distinguishable at the subcellular level. （ E） Amino acid sequences of enzymes are uniform for eukaryotic and prokary-otic organisms. 16 The authors attitude toward the view that living things are divided into three categories is best described as one of （ A） tentative acceptance. （ B） mild s
47、kepticism. （ C） limited denial. （ D） studious criticism. （ E） whole hearted endorsement. 16 Excess inventory, a massive problem for many businesses, has several causes, some of which are unavoidable. Overstocks may accumulate through production overruns or errors. Certain styles and colors prove unp
48、opular. With some products computers and software, toys, and books last year s models are difficult to move even at huge discounts. Occasionally the competition introduces a better product. But in many cases the publics buying tastes simply change, leaving a manufacturer or distributor with thousand
49、s(or mil- lions)of items that the fickle public no longer wants. One common way to dispose of this merchandise is to sell it to a liquidator, who buys as cheaply as possible and then resells the merchandise through catalogs, discount stores, and other outlets. However, liquidators may pay less for the merchandise than it cost to make it. Another way to dispose of excess in- ventory is to dump it. The corporation takes a straight cost write-off on its taxes and hauls the merchandise to a landfill. Although it is hard to believe, there is a sort of convoluted logic
