1、GMAT（ VERBAL）阅读练习试卷 12及答案与解析 1 Maps made by non-Native Americans to depict Native American land tenure, resources andpopulation distributions appeared almost as early as Europeans first encounters with NativeAmericans and took many form: missionaries field sketches, explorers drawings, and surveyors
2、maps, as well as maps rendered in connection with treaties involving land transfers. Most existingmaps of Native American lands are reconstructions that are based largely on archaeology, oralreports, and evidence gathered from observers accounts in letter, diaries, and official reports;accordingly,
3、the accuracy of these maps is especially dependent on the mapmakers owninterpretive abilities. Many existing maps also reflect the 150-year role of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) inadministering tribal lands. Though these maps incorporate some information gleaned directly fromNative Americans, r
4、arely has Native American cartography contributed to this official record,which has been compiled, surveyed, and authenticated by non-Native American tribes and theirmigrations and cultural features, as well as territoriality and contemporary trust lands, reflects theorigins of the data, the mixed p
5、urposes for which the maps have been prepared, and changes both IUnited States government policy and in non-Native Americans attitudes toward an understandingof Native Americans. 1 Which of the following best describes the content of the passage? （ A） A chronology of the development of different met
6、hods for mapping Native Americans （ B） A discussion of how the mapmaking techniques of Native Americans differed from those of Europeans （ C） An argument concerning the presenta-day uses to which historical maps of Native American lands are put （ D） An argument concerning the nature of information c
7、ontained in maps of Native American lands （ E） A proposal for improving the accuracy of maps of Native American lands 2 The passage mentions each of the following as a factor affecting current maps of Native American lands EXCEPT_ （ A） United States government policy （ B） non-Native Americans perspe
8、ctive on Native Americans （ C） origins of the information utilized to produce the maps （ D） changes in wys that tribal lands are used （ E） the reason for producing the maps 3 The passage suggests which of the following about most existing maps of Native American lands? （ A） They do not record the mi
9、grations of Native American tribes. （ B） They have been preserved primarily because of their connection with treaties involving land transfers. （ C） They tend to reflect archaeological evidence that has become outdated. （ D） They tend to be less accurate when they are based on oral reports than when
10、 they are based on written documents. （ E） They are not based primarily on the mapmakers firsthand oberservations of Native American lands. 4 All of the following are examples of the type of evidence used in creating “Most existing maps” (line 7-8) EXCEPT_ （ A） a nineteenth-century governemtn report
11、 on population distribtuion of a particular tribe （ B） taped conversations with people who lived on Native America ntribal lands in the early twentieth century （ C） aerial photographs of geological features of lands inhabited by Native Americans （ D） findings from a recently excavated site once inha
12、bited by a certain Native American people （ E） a journal kept by a non-Native American explorer who traveled in Native American territory in the early nineteenth century 5 (This passage was written in 1984.) It is now possible to hear a recording of Carusos singing that is far superior to any made d
13、uringhis lifetime. A decades-old way-cylinder recording of this great operatic tenor has been digitized,and the digitized signal has been processed by computer to remove the extraneous sound, or“noise,” introduced by the now “ancient” wax-cylinder recording process. Although this digital technique n
14、eeds improvements, it represents a new and superior way ofrecording and processing sound which overcomes many of the limitations of analog recording. Inanalog recording systems, the original sound is represented as a continuous waveform created byvariations in the sounds amplitude over time. When an
15、alog playback systems reproduce thiswaveform, however, they invariably introduce distortions. First, the waveform produced duringplayback differs somewhat from the original waveform. Second, the medium that stores the analogrecording creates noise during playback which gets added to the recorded sou
16、nds. Digital recordings, by contrast, reduce the original sound to a series of discrete numbers thatrepresent the sounds waveform. Because the digital playback system “reads” only numbers, anynoise and distortion that may accumulate during storage and manipulation of the digitized signalwill have li
17、ttle effect: as long as the numbers remain recognizable, the original waveform will bereconstructed with little loss in quality. However, because the waveform is continuous, while itsdigital representation is composed of discrete numbers, it is impossible for digital systems to avoidsome distortion.
18、 One kind of distortion, called “sampling error,” occurs if the sound is sample (i.e.,its amplitude is measured) too infrequently, so that the amplitude changes more than one quantum(the smallest change in amplitude measured by the digital system) between samplings. In effect,the sound is changing t
19、oo quickly for the system to record it accurately. A second form ofdistortion is “quantizing error,” which arises when the amplitude being measured is not a wholenumber of quanta, forcing the digital recorder to round off. Over the long term, these errors arerandom, and the noise produced (a backgro
20、und buzzing) is similar to analog noise except that itonly occurs when recorded sounds are being reproduced. 5 Which of the following best describes the relationship of the first paragraph to the passage as a whole? （ A） The first paragraph introduces a general thesis that is elaborated on in detail
21、 elsewhere in the passage. （ B） The first paragraph presents a concrete instance of a problem that is discussed elsewhere in the passage. （ C） The first paragraph describes a traditional process that is contrasted unfavorably with a newer process described elsewhere in the passage. （ D） The first pa
22、ragraph presents a dramatic example of the potential of a process that is described elsewhere in the passage. （ E） The first paragraph describes a historic incident that served as the catalyst for developments described elsewhere in the passage. 6 According the passage, one of the ways in which anal
23、og recording systems differ from digital recording systems is that analog systems_ （ A） can be used to reduce background noise in old recordings （ B） record the original sound as a continuous waveform （ C） distort the original sound somewhat （ D） can avoid introducing extraneous and nonmusical sound
24、s （ E） can reconstruct the original waveform with little loss inquality 7 Which of the following statements about the numbers by which sound is represented in a digital system can be inferred from the passage? （ A） They describe the time interval between successive sounds in a passage of music. （ B）
25、 They model large changes in the amplitude of the initial sound with relatively poor precision. （ C） They are slightly altered each time they are read by the playback apparaturs. （ D） They are not readily altered by distortion and noise accumulated as the digital signal is stored and manipulated. （
26、E） They are stored in the recording medium in small groups that can be read simultaneously by the playback apparatus. 8 Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the digital approach to the processing of sound? （ A） It was developed in competition with wax-cyclinder recording tec
27、hnology. （ B） It has resulted in the first distortion-free playback system. （ C） It has been extensively applied to nonmusical sounds. （ D） It cannot yet process music originally recorded on analog equipment. （ E） It is not yet capalbe of reprocessing old recordings in a completely distortion-free m
28、anner. 9 The function of capital markets is to facilitate an exchange of funds among all participants, andyet in practice we find that certain participants are not on a par with others. Members of societyhave varying degrees of market strength in terms of information they bring to a transaction, asw
29、ell as of purchasing power and creditworthiness, as defined by lenders. For example, within minority communities, capital markets do not properly fulfill their functions;they do not provide access to the aggregate flow of funds in the United States. The financialsystem does not generate the credit o
30、r investment vehicles needed for underwriting economicdevelopment in minority areas. The problem underlying this dysfunction is found in a rationingmechanism affecting both the available alternatives for investment and the amount of financialresources. This creates a distributive mechanism penalizin
31、g members of minority groups becauseof their socioeconomic differences from others. The existing system expresses definite sociallybased investment preferences that result from the previous allocation of income and that influencethe allocation of resources for the present and future. The system tend
32、s to increase the inequalityof income distribution. And, in the United States economy, a greater inequality of incomedistribution leads to a greater concentration of capital in certain types of investment. Most traditional financial-market analysis studies ignore financial markets deficiencies inall
33、ocation because of analysts inherent preferences for the simple model of perfect competition.Conventional financial analysis pays limited attention to issues of market structure and dynamics,relative costs of information, and problems of income distribution. Market participants are viewedas acting a
34、s entirely independent and homogeneous individuals with perfect foresight aboutcapital-market behavior. Also, it is assumed that each individual in the community at large has thesame access to the market and the same opportunity to transact and to express the preferenceappropriate to his or her indi
35、vidual interest. Moreover, it is assumed that transaction costs forvarious types of financial instruments (stocks, bonds, etc.) are equally known and equally dividedamong all community members. 9 The main point made by the passage is that_ （ A） financial markets provide for an optimum allocation of
36、resources among all competing participants by balancing supply and demand （ B） the allocation of financial resources takes place among separate individual participants, each of whom has access to the market （ C） the existence of certain factors adversely affecting members of minority groups shows th
37、at financial markets do not function as conventional theory says they function （ D） investments in minority communities can be made by the use of various alternative financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds （ E） since transaction costs for stocks, bonds, and other other financial instruments
38、are not equally apportioned among all minority-group members, the financail market is subject to criticism 10 The passage states that traditional studies of the financial market overlook imbalances in the allocation of financial resources because_ （ A） an optimum allocation of resources is the final
39、 result of competition among participants （ B） those performing the studies choose an oversimplified description of the influences on competition （ C） such imbalances do not appear in the statistics usually compiled to measure the markets behavior （ D） the analysts who study the market are unwilling
40、 to accept criticism of their methods as biased （ E） socioeconomic difference form the basis of a rationing mechanism that puts minority groups at a disadvantage 11 The authors main point is argued by_ （ A） giving examples that support a conventional generalization （ B） showing that the view opposit
41、e to the authors is self-contradictory （ C） criticizing the presuppsitions of a proposed plan （ D） showing that omissions in a theoretical description make it inapplicable in certain cases （ E） demonstrating that an alternative hypothesis more closely fits the data 12 A difference in which of the fo
42、llowing would be an example of inequality in transaction costs as alluded to in lines 40-43? （ A） Maximum amounts of loans extended by a bank to businesses in differenct areas （ B） Fees charged to large and small investors for purchasing stocks （ C） Prices of similar goods offered in large and small
43、 stores in an area （ D） Stipends paid to different attorneys for preparing legal suits for damages （ E） Exchange rates in dollars for currencies of different countries 13 Which of the following can be inferred about minority communities on the basis of the passage? （ A） They provide a significant po
44、rtion of the funds that become available for investment in the financial market. （ B） They are penalized by the tax system, which increases the inequality of the distribution of income between investors and wage earners. （ C） They do no receive the share of the amount of funds available for investme
45、nt that would be expected according to traditional financial-market analysis. （ D） They are not granted governmental subsidies to assist in underwriting the cost of economic development （ E） They provide the same access to alternative sources of credit to finance businesses as do majority communitie
46、s. 14 According to the passage, a questionable assumption of the conventional theory about the operation of financial markets is that_ （ A） creditworthiness as determiend by lenders is a factor determining market access （ B） market structure and market dynamics depend on income distribution （ C） a s
47、carcity of alternative sources of funds would result from taking socioeconomic factors into consideration （ D） those who engage in financial-market transactions are perfectly well informed about the market （ E） inequalities in income distribution are increased by the functioning of the financial mar
48、ket 15 According to the passage, analysts have conventionally tended to view those who participate in financial market as _ （ A） judging investment preferences in terms of the good of society as a whole （ B） influencing the allocation of funds through prior ownership of certain kinds of assets （ C）
49、varying in market power with respect to one another （ D） basing judgments about future events mainly on chance （ E） having equal opportunities to engage in transactions 16 (The following is based on material written in 1996.) The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, signed in 1987 by more than150 nations, has attained its short-term goals: it has decreased the rate of increase in amounts ofmost ozone-depleting chemicals reaching the atmosphere and has even reduced the atmosphericlevels of some of them. The pr
