1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 146及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 The History of American Indians When Europeans discovered the Western hemisphere, they discovered a race
3、of people.【 1】_ called them Indians. 【 1】 _ I shall have something to say about their【 2】 _ and early history, 【 2】 _ the【 3】 _ for them of European settlement in the New World, the part they have played in American history, 【 3】 _ their number, distribution and condition today. Most scholars believ
4、e that the homeland of the Indians was eastern Asia. They migrate to North America along a land【 4】 _ from Siberia to Alaska. 【 4】 _ The Indians were a【 5】 _people. 【 5】 _ They lived in【 6】 _, spoke many languages, and gained their living in different ways. 【 6】_ 【 7】 _revolutionized their hunting a
5、nd warfare. 【 7】_ Whiskey corrupted them.【 8】 _changed the lives of some Indians. 【 8】_ The Indians were under pressure to take【 9】 _in the great French and British War of the eighteen century. 【 9】 _ The Indians made many efforts to prevent the advance of the frontier. In【 10】 _, a great uprising a
6、gainst 【 10】_ the British began under a Michigan Indian leader. 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are
7、 based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 Who are the speakers? （ A） Salesmen. （ B） Editors. （ C） Cooks. （ D） Advertising agents. 12 What product are they talking about? （ A） Kitche
8、n. （ B） Deep-freezer. （ C） Mobility units. （ D） Cake mixer 13 What is the relationship between the two speakers? （ A） Employer and employee （ B） Salesman and customer （ C） Advertiser and customer （ D） Colleagues 14 How is the kitchen different from all other kitchens on the market? （ A） It is easier
9、 to clean and repair （ B） It is non-fixed and flexible （ C） All its units are of the same height （ D） Its chopping board is nearer to the sink 15 What can you infer from the conversation? （ A） Terry knows less about kitchen than Joyce （ B） Joyce knows more about kitchen than Joyce （ C） Terry knows a
10、s much about the kitchen as Joyce （ D） Terry knows as much about the kitchen as Joyce SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to ans
11、wer the questions. 16 Around how many tons of hazardous waste does the world produce each year? （ A） 150 million （ B） 1.50 million （ C） 15 million （ D） 50 million 17 Now the U.S. economy growth rate is （ A） higher than 1995 to 2000 （ B） lower than 1973 to 1995 （ C） As good as 1995 to 2000 （ D） the s
12、ame as 1993 to 1995 18 Dale Jorgenson points out that the 2.78 grow rate will be continued in the next years. （ A） 2 years （ B） 10 years （ C） 20 years （ D） 5 years 19 What is the reason of the decline of the number of the wild homes ? （ A） climate change and human activities （ B） the hunting and cul
13、ling （ C） farming and industrializing （ D） mass killing caused by people 20 Whom does the provision intend to sell the wild horses for? （ A） federal government （ B） the home-lovers （ C） the people who kill the wild horse （ D） the native people 20 Thomas Jefferson, who died in 1826, looms ever larger
14、 as a figure of special significance. Americans, of course, are familiar with Jefferson as an early statesman, author of the Declaration of Independence, and a high-ranking presidential Founding Father. But there is another Jefferson less well known. This is the Jefferson who, as the outstanding Ame
15、rican philosopher of democracy, has an increasing appeal to the worlds newly emerging peoples. There is no other man in history who formulated the ideas of democracy with such fullness, persuasiveness, and logic. Those interested in democracy as a poetical philosophy and systemeven those who do not
16、accept his postulates or are critical of his solutionsmust reckon with his thought. What, then, is his thought, and how much of it is still relevant under modern conditions? Of all the ideas and beliefs that make up the political philosophy known as Jefferson democracy, perhaps three are paramount.
17、These are the idea of equality, the idea of freedom, and the idea of the peoples control over government. Underlying the whole, and serving as a major premise, is confidence in man. To Jefferson; it was virtually axiomatic that the human being was essentially good, that he was capable of constant im
18、provement through education and reason. He believed that “no definite limit could be assigned“ to mans continued progress from ignorance and superstition to enlightenment and happiness. Unless this kept in mind, Jefferson cannot be understood properly. What did he mean by the concept of equality, wh
19、ich he stated as a “serf-evident“ truth? Obviously, he was not foolish enough to believe that all men are equal in size or intelligence or talents or moral development. He never said that men are equal, but only that they come into the world with “equal rights“. He believed that equality was a polit
20、ical rather than a biological or psychological or economic conception. It was a gift that man acquired automatically by coming into the world as a member of the human community. Intertwined with equality was the concept of freedom, also viewed by Jefferson as a “natural right.“ In the Declaration of
21、 Independence he stated it as “self-evident“ that liberty was one of the “inherent“ and “unalienable rights“ with which the Creator endowed man. “Freedom“, he summed up at one lime, “is the girl of Nature.“ What did Jefferson mean by freedom and why was it necessary for him to claim it as an “inhere
22、nt“ or “natural“ right? In Jefferson thought there are two main elements in the idea of freedom. There is, first, mans liberty to organize his own political institutions and to select periodically the individuals to run them. The other freedom is personal. Foremost in the area of individual liberty,
23、 Jefferson believed, was the untrammeled fight to say, think, write, and believe whatever the citizen wishes m provided, of course, he does not directly injure his neighbors. It is because political and personal freedom are potentially in conflict that Jefferson, in order to make both secure, felt t
24、he need to found them on “natural fight“. If each liberty derives from an “inherent“ fight, then neither could justly undermine the other. Experience of the past, when governments, were neither too strong for the ruled or too weak to rule them, convinced Jefferson of the desirability of establishing
25、 a delicate natural balance between political power and personal fights. This brings us to the third basic element in the Jeffersonian idea: the peoples control over government. It is paradoxical that Jefferson, Who spent most of his adult years in politics, had an ingrained distrust of government a
26、s such. For the then-existing governments of Europe, virtually all of them hereditary monarchies, he had antipathy mixed with contempt. His mistrust of strong and unchecked government was inveterate. “I am not,“ he said, “a friend to a very energetic government. It is always oppressive.“ Government
27、being a necessity for civilized existence: the question was how it could be prevented from following its tendency to swallow the rights of the people. Jeffersons answer to this ancient dilemma was at variance with much traditional thinking. He began with the postulate that government existed for the
28、 people, and not vice versa; that it had no independent being except as an instrument of the people; and that it had no legitimate justifications for existence except to serve the people. From this it followed, in Jeffersons view that only the people, and not their rulers or the privileged classes,
29、could and should be relied upon as the “safe depositories“ of political liberty. This key idea in the Jeffersonian political universe rested on the monumental assumption that the people at large had the wisdom, the capability, and the knowledge exclusively to carry the burden of political power and
30、responsibility. The assumption was, of course, widely challenged and vigorously denied in Jeffersons day, but he always asserted his confidence in it. Confidence in the people, however, was not enough, by itself, to serve as a safeguard against the potential dangers inherent in political power. The
31、people might become corrupted or demoralized or indifferent. Jefferson believed that the best practice for the avoidance of tyranny and the preservation of freedom was to follow two main policies. One was designed to limit power, and the other to control power. In order to put limits on power, Jeffe
32、rson felt, it was best to divide it by scattering its functions among as many entities as possibleamong states, countries, and municipalities. In order to keep it in check, it was to be impartially balanced among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Thus, no group, agency, or entity would
33、be able legitimately to acquire power for abuse. This is, of course, the theory that is embedded in the Constitution and that underlies the American federal system with its “check and balance“. For the control of power or, more specifically, the governmental apparatus itself, other devices had to be
34、 brought into play. Of these, two are of special importance: suffrage and elections. Unlike many contemporaries, Jefferson believed in virtually universal suffrage. His opinion was that the universal right to vote was the only “rational and peaceable instrument“ of free government. Next to the fight
35、 to vote, the system of free elections was the foremost instrument for control over government. This involved, first, the election by the people of practically all high government officials, and, secondly, fixed and regular periods of polling, established by law. To make doubly sure that this mechan
36、ism would work as an effective control over power, Jefferson advocated frequent elections and short terms of office, so that the citizens would be enabled to express their “approbation or rejection“ as soon as possible. This, in substance, is the Jeffersonian philosophy faith in the idea of equality
37、, of freedom, and in the fight to and need for popular control over government. What, in ail this, is relevant to peoples without a democratic tradition, especially those who have recently emerged in Asia and Africa? The rejection of democratic procedures by some of these peoples has been dishearten
38、ing to believers in freedom and democracy. But it is noteworthy that democratic and parliamentary government has been displaced in are as where the people had no background in freedom or self-rule, and where illiteracy is generally high. Even there it is significant that the new dictatorships are us
39、ually proclaimed in the name of the people. The Jeffersonian assumption that men crave equality and freedom has not been denied by events. Special conditions and traditions may explain non-democratic political methods for the achievement of certain purposes, but these remain unstable wherever the no
40、tion of liberty has begun to gain ground. “The disease of liberty“, Jefferson said, “is catching.“ The proof of this is to be found even in such societies as the Spanish and the Islamic, with their ancient traditions of chieftainships where popular eruptions against dictatorial rule have had an almo
41、st tidal constancy. But it is a slow process, as Jefferson well knew, “The ground of liberty“, he said, “is to be gained by inches; we must be contented to secure what we can get, from time to time. and eternally press forward for what is yet to get. It takes time to persuade men to do even what is
42、for their own good.“ Does Jefferson survive? Indeed he does. 21 What are the three most paramount ideas in Jeffersonian democracy? （ A） Equality, freedom and peoples control over government, （ B） Equality, confidence in man and peoples control over government. （ C） Equality, freedom and confidence i
43、n man. （ D） Freedom confidence in man and peoples control over government. 22 How did Jefferson interpret the concept of equality? （ A） He asserted that it was a political concepts as well as a biological and economic concept. （ B） He believed that men were born with equal rights. （ C） Equality is a
44、 gift of Nature. （ D） Both B and C 23 In Jeffersons opinion, what could prevent tyranny and preserve freedom? （ A） Suffrage and election. （ B） Cheeks and balances. （ C） The two politics to limit power and to control power. （ D） The dividing of functions among many entities. 24 Which of the following
45、 statements would the writer probably Not support? （ A） The rejection of democratic procedures is partly attributed to ignorance. （ B） Jeffersons ideas of democracy are often distorted by some people on purpose. （ C） Universal suffrage is the cardinal instrument for control over government. （ D） Onc
46、e the concept of liberty is accepted by the majority, a democratic society will be strongly demanded. 25 The primary purpose of this text is to_ （ A） explain Jeffersons ideas of democracy （ B） exalt Jefferson as an outstanding philosopher （ C） illustrate Jeffersons influence on modem politics （ D） v
47、iew Jeffersonian democracy under modern conditions 25 The dream of lost innocence recovered in a golden future always haunts the imagination of colonial pioneers. Its premise is myopia: F. Scott Fitzgerald conjured “a fresh, green breast of the new world“ for his Dutch sailors, a story that began wi
48、thout Indians. Golda Meir infamously insisted that there was no such thing as Palestinians. Breaking new ground on a distant shore is easier if no one is there when you arrive. Plan B allows that the natives are happy to see the newcomers. But soon enough it all turns nasty and ends in tears. “A Strange Death,“ Hillel Halkins beautifully written and wisely confused account of the local history of the town he lives in, Zichron Yaakov, takes us back W the earliest days of Jewish settlement in Ottoman Palestine. His ostensible subjects are members of the Nili spy ring operated ou
