1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 279及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Library Looking up material for a research paper in a library should begin with the main【 1】 _ 【 1】 _ You
3、 can find cards bearing key information about the books in the library in the small drawers. We have three types of cards for each book, namely, 【 2】 _cards, author cards and title cards. 【 2】 _ They are all【 3】 _ ordered. For the 【 3】 _ sequence of author cards,【 4】 _ names 【 4】 _ come first; while
4、 for title cards, articles like the, a, an are【 5】 _. 【 5】 _ On each card there is a【 6】 _number, 【 6】 _ through which you can easily find the book among the shelves. But if the book is stored only on the 【 7】 _ stacks, you must have the help of a 【 7】 _ librarian to get the book. In that case, you
5、need to fill in a call slip. Before you can take the book out, the librarian must charge the book to your library card. With the help of an electronic device, the information of your borrowings are all stored in a 【 8】 _.You must return the book within one 【 8】 _ month. Or you can ask for a【 9】 _ 【
6、9】 _ Otherwise, you will have to pay fine for 【 10】 _ 【 10】 _ books. 1 【 1】 2 【 2】 3 【 3】 4 【 4】 5 【 5】 6 【 6】 7 【 7】 8 【 8】 9 【 9】 10 【 10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to
7、5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 What does this conversation most probably take place? （ A） In a travel agency. （ B） On a campus. （ C） In a bookshop. （ D） In a teacher
8、s shop. 12 Where will Denis spend his holiday? （ A） In Britain. （ B） In Australia. （ C） In Italy. （ D） None of the above. 13 In Australia, one can _. （ A） study English separately （ B） study English along with other subjects （ C） study English as a fun and relaxation （ D） all of the above 14 Those E
9、nglish language colleges that are not part of a university may be _. （ A） operated privately （ B） operated by the government （ C） part of government technical and business colleges （ D） all of the above 15 Visitors on a tourist visa can undertake English study for up to _. （ A） three months （ B） six
10、 months （ C） one year （ D） three years SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 According to the news, Fr
11、ench President Chirac disagreed with President Bush on _. （ A） sending more NATO troops to Iraq （ B） changing the way NATO acts in Iraq （ C） contributing non-military NATO support for Iraq （ D） playing a new role in Iraq proposed by President Bush 17 The G-8 summit reached an agreement on _ across t
12、he Middle East. （ A） providing aid and promoting democracy （ B） promoting democracy （ C） controlling a deadly disease （ D） Both B and C 18 Israels Attorney General has decided _. （ A） not to charge Sharon with corruption （ B） to indict Sharon for corruption （ C） to charge Sharon with the failure of
13、the Greek Island Affair （ D） not to indict Sharon for the failure of the Greek Island Affair 19 The case against Mr. Sharon involved _. （ A） peace negotiations with Greece （ B） land dispute with Greece （ C） land development on a Greek island （ D） his ability as a foreign minister 20 In Saudi Arabia,
14、 6 influential preachers _. （ A） are suspected of launching militant attacks on Westerners （ B） are believed to be connected with Osama Bin Laden （ C） have condemned militant attacks on Westerners （ D） have been killed by Islamic militants 20 During the 1970s and 1980s political extremism and terror
15、ism frequently focused on “national liberation“ and economic issues. The collapse of the Soviet bloc, and the ending of its covert funding and encouragement of terrorism led to a decline in the militant and violent left-wing terrorist groups that were a feature of the age. The 1990% have seen the de
16、velopment of a “new terrorism“. This is not to say that state-backed terrorism has ceased, but rather that the spectrum of terrorism has widened. This new extremism is frequently driven by religious fervor, is transnational, sanctions extreme violence, and may often be millenialist. The new terroris
17、m may seek out military or government targets, but it also seeks out symbolic civilian targets, and the victims have mostly been innocent civilians. Growing concern about this new terrorism has been paralleled by concern about the employment of the new information and communication technologies (ICT
18、s). ICTs offer a new dimension for political extremists and terrorists. They allow the diffusion of command and control; they allow boundless new opportunities for communication, and they allow the players to target the information stores, processes and communications of their opponents. The sophist
19、ication of the modern nation-state, and its dependency on computer-based ICTs, make the state ever more vulnerable. The use of ICTs to influence, modify, disrupt or damage a nation state, its institutions or population by influencing the media, or by subversion, has been called “netwar“. The full ra
20、nge of weapons in the cyberspace armory can be employed in netwar; from propaganda campaigns at one level to interference with databases and networks at the other. What particularly distinguishes netwar from other forms of war is that it targets information and communications, and may be used to alt
21、er thinking or disrupt planned actions. In this sense it can be distinguished from earlier forms of warfare economic wars that target the means of production, and political wars that target leadership and government. Netwar is therefore of particular interest to those engaged in non-military war, or
22、 those operating at sub-state level. Clearly nation states might also consider it, as an adjunct to military war or as an option prior to moving on to military war. So far, however, it appears to be of greater interest to extremist advocacy groups and terrorists. Because there are no physical limits
23、 or boundaries, netwar has been adopted by groups who operate across great distances or transnationally. The growth of such groups, and their growing powers in relation to those of nation states, suggests an evolving power-based relationship for both. Military strategist Martin Van Creveld has sugge
24、sted that war in the future is more likely to be waged between such groups and states rather than between states and states. Most modern adversaries of nation states in the realm of low intensity conflict, such as international terrorists, single-issue extremists and ethnic and religious extremists
25、are organized in networks, although their leadership may sometimes be hierarchical. Law enforcement and security agencies therefore often have difficulty in engaging in low intensity conflict against such networks because they are ill suited to do so. Their doctrine, training and modus operandi have
26、, all too often, been predicated on combating a hierarchy of command, like their own. Only now are low-intensity conflict and terrorism recognized as “strategic“ threats to nation states, and countries which until very recently thought that terrorism was something that happened elsewhere, have becom
27、e victims themselves. The Tokyo subway attack by the Aum Shinriko and the Oklahoma City bombing would have been unthinkable a generation ago, and not only was the civil population unprepared, but also law enforcement. And this despite clear warning signs that such attacks were in the offing. The pot
28、ential for physical conflict to be replaced by attacks on information infrastructures has caused states to rethink their concepts of warfare, threats and national assets, at a time when information is recognized as a national asset. The adoption of new information technologies and the use of new com
29、munication media, such as the Internet, create vulnerabilities that can be exploited by individuals, organizations and states. 21 Which of the following is a major feature of the new terrorism? （ A） It obtains financial support from foreign powers. （ B） It focuses on military targets of the enemy st
30、ates. （ C） It tends to be organized in a hierarchical manner. （ D） It may choose important civilian targets to attack. 22 Netwar should be understood as a war aimed at _. （ A） disrupting the enemys communication systems （ B） damaging the institutions of the enemy state （ C） manipulating the enemys m
31、eans of production （ D） destroying the leadership of the enemy state 23 We can infer from the passage that _. （ A） traditional terrorism was mainly driven by religious fervor （ B） ideological differences will continue to be a cause of terrorism （ C） attacks from small terrorist groups will increasin
32、g （ D） the high-tech weapons will greatly facilitate terrorist attacks 24 The best title of the passage is _. （ A） ICT: A New Weapon for Terrorism （ B） Netwar: An Unfamiliar Form of Warfare （ C） Internet: A Vulnerable Target of Extremists （ D） New Terrorism: A Real Threat to the World 25 The main di
33、fficulty the police have in combating terrorist groups is _. （ A） their poor equipment （ B） the insufficiency of budget （ C） their obsolete way of command （ D） the transnational nature of the new terrorism 25 How Kids Learn It is a big day for the “expert baby.“ A minivan bearing an official Univers
34、ity of Washington seal picks up the 14-month-old boy and his mother and takes them to a Seattle day-care center. Once inside, he is placed at the head of a table surrounded by his “students,“ a bevy of babies his age. Researchers from the universitys psychology department observe and take notes. The
35、 miniprofessor begins his lesson: Whaaack! He smacks the top of a special camping cup with his palm, and it collapses. His pupils look at one another, wide-eyed. Then he deftly pulls apart a puzzle and puts it back together. As a finale, he hits a hidden button on a box, which produces a buzzing sou
36、nd. A delighted squeal rises from the audience. Wunderkind is then whisked away. Two days later, a researcher visits the houses of each of the young pupils, unpacking a black bag to reveal the little professors toys. The infants grin in recognition and repeat the tricks they observed. Like the exper
37、t baby before them, they have mastered these routines. But when the researchers visit babies who havent been primed, the results are decidedly different. Those babies bang the cup on the table, but never collapse it. They chew on the puzzle, but dont assemble it. They rub the box, but fail to find t
38、he secret button. The expert baby and his cohorts are part of a revolution in how scientists view very young children. For most of this century, infants were regarded as gurgling blobs, soaking up sights and sounds but unable to make much use of them. But it turns out that babies are reasoning being
39、s even in their very first months. “Before they have the ability to use language, infants can think, draw conclusions, make predictions, look for explanations, and even do miniexperiments.“ says Andrew Meltzoff, head of developmental psychology at the University of Washington and coauthor of The Sci
40、entist in the Crib, published this week. 26 In the passage, “cohorts“ (in the first line of the 4th paragraph) refer to _. （ A） the toys the miniprofessor used （ B） the babies taking part in the research （ C） the researchers conducting the study （ D） the teachers at the day-care center 27 The word W
41、underkind probably means _. （ A） box （ B） young genius （ C） puzzle （ D） squeal 28 The experiment described in the passage shows that _. （ A） an infant prodigy performs much better than ordinary kids （ B） developmental psychology is an interesting subject （ C） babies can learn intricate tricks so lon
42、g as they are trained （ D） toys are important tools to teach science with 28 AIDS is not transmitted through routine, nonintimate contact in the home or the workplace. Transmission from one person to another appears to require either intimate sexual contact or exchange of blood or body fluids (wheth
43、er from contaminated hypodermic needles or syringes, transfusions of infected blood, or transmission from an infected mother to her child before or during birth). As of April 1988, 98,000 cases of AIDS had been identified in the United States, and more than 21,000 persons had died of AIDS. Among tho
44、se who died were well-known figures in the worlds of politics, the arts, entertainment, business, and sports. As has been well publicized, the high-risk groups most in danger of contracting AIDS are homosexual and bisexual men, intravenous (IV) drug users, and their sexual partners. Recently, there
45、has been increasing evidence that AIDS is a particular danger for the urban poor, in good part because of transmission via IV drug use. Whereas blacks and Hispanics represent about 20 percent of the nations population, they constitute 40 percent of all Americans with AIDS. Moreover, 91 percent of in
46、fants with AIDS are nonwhite. According to government projections, the AIDS epidemic will achieve even more distressing proportions by the early 1990s. It is estimated that 54,000 to 64,000 Americans will die from AIDS in 1991. By that time, some 270,000 Americans will have AIDS and 1.5 million Amer
47、icans will be infected with the HIV virus. Just as the number of AIDS cases will skyrocket by the 1990s, so too will the costs of the disease. On the micro level of social interaction, it has been widely forecast that AIDS will lead to a more conservative sexual climate among both homosexuals and he
48、terosexuals in which people will be much more cautious about involvement with new partners. Yet, in a survey in early 1987, 92 percent of the respondents claimed that AIDS would have no impact on how they conduct their lives. In line with these data, a long-term study of the wives of hemophiliacs with AIDS revealed a common failure to practice “safer sex“ by using condoms a failure which increases the womens likelihood of contracting AIDS. While some Americans may refuse to change their sexual behavior, there is little doubt that AIDS has created a climate of fear in th
