1、专业英语八级模拟试卷 791及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture.
2、 When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 The Gestural Theory of Language The initial language in hominids was gestural, and communication using th
3、e hands was actually the first form of language. I. The origin of language: sign and sound signs【 B1】 _: having to be looking at the signer【 B1】 _ sounds; first associated with language because they draw attention II.【 B2】 _for gestural origin of sign language【 B2】 _ A. Sign languages: meeting all t
4、he languages【 B3】 _【 B3】 _ including: large lexicons, massive gestures, carrying meaning, being grammatical the order affects the meaning greatly B. A study on how we【 B4】 _sound【 B4】 _ sound and visual information combined in the nervous system the same meaning and activating the same neutrons exis
5、ting in a phenomenon: the McGurk Effect C. An illustration to the McGurk Effect Seeing somebody speaking is different from hearing speech sounds. Hearing a sound with a set of【 B5】 _makes the difference.【 B5】 _ III. Gestures and visual input A. example: sounds sound【 B6】 _when eyes are open or close
6、d the whole time(6) B. nervous system: having the ability to respond to sound and【 B7】 _【 B7】_ C. mirror neuron: excited both by the sight and also by the sound neutron groups involved in human language【 B8】 _ some of those in【 B8】_ rhesus macaques D. a study on the hypoglossal canal humans having v
7、ery big hypoglossal canal overlaps with chimps a lot of axons: not sufficient for【 B9】 _【 B9】 _ studying the values in fossil record for necessity and sufficiency IV. The way to create sounds A. by looking at the【 B10】 _in hertz, which drops in puberty【 B10】 _ B. example: saying okay looking at the
8、tongue and larynx and air sacs and asking 1 【 B1】 2 【 B2】 3 【 B3】 4 【 B4】 5 【 B5】 6 【 B6】 7 【 B7】 8 【 B8】 9 【 B9】 10 【 B10】 SECTION B INTERVIEW Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an
9、 interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview. 11 Which of the following statements is CORRECT about Shaheen? （ A） She was born in Palestine. （ B） She grew up in Gaza City. （ C） She lives in Toronto ri
10、ght now. （ D） She received a bachelors degree in marketing. 12 Americans still have the following image of Arab women EXCEPT （ A） they receive little education. （ B） they have no rights. （ C） they all stay at home as housewives. （ D） they usually speak two languages. 13 What is Shaheens attitude abo
11、ut herself to be one of the more educated and more experienced women? （ A） Lucky and satisfied. （ B） Indifferent and unconcerned. （ C） Neutral and impartial. （ D） Dissatisfied and ungratified. 14 Shaheen has been to the following areas in America EXCEPT （ A） Pennsylvania. （ B） New York. （ C） Califor
12、nia. （ D） New Jersey. 15 Which of the following is INCORRECT about Shaheens future plans? （ A） She will stay in Chicago for three months. （ B） Shell be working in green initiatives. （ C） Shell finish her graduation project at Wharton. （ D） Shell do some work for the Olympics 2016. SECTION C NEWS BRO
13、ADCAST Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions. 16 According to the United Nations, less Somalis left their country because （ A） the
14、drought is almost over. （ B） the border is more strictly guarded. （ C） most people have already left. （ D） more aid has arrived in the country. 17 Scientific experts say the Horn of Africa will （ A） have great climate change in the next decade. （ B） suffer from very severe droughts in 10 years. （ C）
15、 face more frequent and more intense droughts. （ D） be on the verge of cruel political conflicts. 18 The measures people should take to deal with the drought include （ A） making new economic policies. （ B） investing in smallholder farms. （ C） setting up land organizations. （ D） calling for internati
16、onal aid. 19 The two climbers died in Peru when they （ A） climbed up the mountain. （ B） tried to jump off the cliff. （ C） explored the summit of the hill. （ D） moved down from the top. 20 Which is most likely the cause of the two climbers death? （ A） The change of weather condition. （ B） The collaps
17、e of an ice block. （ C） The break of the rope. （ D） The shortage of supply. 20 There is a never-ending supply of business gurus telling us how we can, and must, do more. Sheryl Sandberg urges women to “Lean In“ if they want to get ahead. John Bernard offers breathless advice on conducting “Business
18、at the Speed of Now“. And in case you thought you might be able to grab a few moments to yourself, Keith Ferrazzi warns that you must “Never Eat Alone“. Yet the biggest problem in the business world is not too little but too much too many distractions and interruptions, too many things done for the
19、sake of form, and altogether too much busyness. The Dutch seem to believe that an excess of meetings is the biggest consumer of time: they talk of vergaderziekte, “meeting sickness“. However, a study last year by the McKinsey Global Institute suggests that it is e-mails: It found that highly skilled
20、 office workers spend more than a quarter of each working day writing and responding to them. Which of these annoying factors of modern business life is worse remains open to debate. But what is clear is that office workers are on a treadmill of pointless activity. Managers allow meetings to drag on
21、 for hours. Workers generate e-mails because it requires little effort and no thought. An entire management industry exists to spin the treadmill ever faster. All this “leaning in“ is producing an epidemic of overwork, particularly in the United States. Americans now toil for eight-and-a-half hours
22、a week more than they did in 1979. A survey last year by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that almost a third of working adults get six hours or less of sleep a night. Another survey last year by Good Technology, a provider of secure mobile systems for businesses, found that
23、more than 80% of respondents continue to work after leaving the office, 69% cannot go to bed without checking their inbox and 38% routinely check their work e-mails at the dinner table. This activity is making it harder to focus on real work as opposed to make-work. Teresa Amabile of Harvard Busines
24、s School, who has been conducting a huge study of work and creativity, reports that workers are generally more creative on low-pressure days than on high-pressure days when they are confronted with a flurry of unpredictable demands. In 2012 Gloria Mark of the University of California, Irvine, and tw
25、o colleagues deprived 13 people in the IT business of e-mail for five days and studied them intensively. They found that people without it concentrated on tasks for longer and experienced less stress. It is high time that we tried a different strategy not “leaning in“ but “leaning back“. There is a
26、distinguished history of leadership thinking in the lean-back tradition. Lord Melbourne, Queen Victorias favourite prime minister, extolled the virtues of “masterful inactivity“. Herbert Asquith embraced a policy of “wait and see“ when he had the job. Ronald Reagan also believed in not overdoing thi
27、ngs: “Its true hard work never killed anybody,“ he said, “but I figure, why take the chance?“. This tradition has been buried in a morass of meetings and messages. We need to revive it before we schedule ourselves to death. The most obvious beneficiaries of leaning back would be creative workers the
28、 very people who are supposed to be at the heart of the modern economy. In the early 1990s, Mihaly Csikszentmihaly, a psychologist, asked 275 creative types if he could interview them for a book he was writing. A third did not bother to reply at all and another third refused to take part. Peter Druc
29、ker, a management guru, summed up the mood of the refuseniks: “One of the secrets of productivity is to have a very big waste-paper basket to take care of all invitations such as yours. “ Creative peoples most important resource is their time particularly big chunks of uninterrupted time and their b
30、iggest enemies are those who try to nibble away at it with e-mails or meetings. Indeed, creative people may be at their most productive when, to the managers untutored eye, they appear to be doing nothing. Managers themselves could benefit. Those at the top are best employed thinking about strategy
31、rather than operations about whether the company is doing the right thing rather than whether it is sticking to its plans. When he was boss of General Electric, Jack Welch used to spend an hour a day in what he called “looking out of the window time“. When he was in charge of Microsoft, Bill Gates u
32、sed to take two “think weeks“ a year when he would lock himself in an isolated cottage. Jim Collins, of “Good to Great“ fame, advises all bosses to keep a “stop doing list“. Is there a meeting you can cancel? Or a dinner you can avoid? 21 In the first paragraph,“Lean In“ means （ A） to improve effici
33、ency. （ B） to bend the body forward. （ C） to work harder. （ D） to lose weight. 22 According to the author, which of the following statements is TRUE about the modern business life? （ A） The problem of e-mails is worse than meetings for the employees. （ B） Workers usually schedule pointless activitie
34、s on a treadmill. （ C） Employees are very busy due to inefficient management. （ D） Workers write and respond to e-mails to speed up their work. 23 The author mentions Csikszentmihalys survey to show that （ A） creative workers are most productive when they are doing nothing. （ B） creative workers con
35、sider e-mails and meetings as their enemies. （ C） creative workers dont like to take part in interviews. （ D） creative workers dont like to be distracted from work. 24 As the boss of General Electric, Jack Welch spent an hour on “looking out of the window time“ every day to （ A） relax himself. （ B）
36、think about plans. （ C） watch the operation. （ D） stop doing anything. 25 Which of the following is the best title for the passage? （ A） In Praise of Laziness （ B） Pointless Activities Lead to Overwork （ C） Lean In to Get Ahead （ D） Relax and Do Nothing 25 Ursula Von Der Leyen, Germanys labour minis
37、ter, likes to point out that the two European Union countries with the lowest unemployment, especially among the young, have dual-education systems: Austria and Germany. Like Switzerland, they have a tradition of combining apprenticeships with formal schooling for the young “so that education is alw
38、ays tied to demand,“ she says. When youths graduate, they often have jobs to walk into. With youth unemployment in Germany and Austria below 8% against 56% in Spain and 38% in Italy, Mrs. Von Der Leyen has won Europes attention. Germany recently signed memoranda with Greece, Italy. Latvia, Portugal,
39、 Slovakia and Spain to help set up vocational-education systems. Mrs. Von Der Leyen discussed the topic in visits to Madrid in May and to Paris this week. There is even talk of a “new deal“ for Europe, including bringing youths from crisis-hit countries to work in Germany and making more loans. Germ
40、any is best known in euro-zone countries for its macroeconomic prescriptions of austerity and structural reform. So it helps politically that it should now be seen assisting people in those countries into jobs. But does its dual-education system deserve so much credit, and should other countries ado
41、pt it? Although based on older traditions, it formally dates from 1969. Youths not interested in, or qualified for, university sign up for a programme in which they work three or four days a week for a firm that pays them and teaches relevant skills. The rest of the time they spend in school, comple
42、ting mostly specialised courses. Chambers of commerce and industry associations make sure that the work and the teaching are matched. After three years or so, trainees are certified and, if they make a good impression, may stay as full-time workers. About two in three young Germans go through this s
43、ystem and into about 350 careers. Some end up in blue-collar jobs, others in sales and marketing, shipping and agriculture, or pharmacology and accounting. The practical nature of the education is an advantage, as is the mutual screening between potential employers and employees during training. Yet
44、 the system existed in the 1990s, when Germany was the “sick man of Europe“ and had high unemployment. German success today surely owes more to its labour-market and welfare reforms of a decade ago and to unions wage restraint. In an ageing and shrinking population, demography also helps, as fewer G
45、erman graduates choose among more open jobs. Ludger Wossmann, an economist at the Ifo Institute in Munich, suggests that vocational education can have bad side effects. In his research, countries that combined school and work-based education(Germany, Austria. Denmark and Switzerland)did much better
46、at getting young people into jobs. But early training can turn into a disadvantage by the age of 50. It appears that skills learnt in vocational training “become obsolete at a faster rate.“ Low youth unemployment today may thus come at the cost of higher old-age unemployment tomorrow. Admittedly, th
47、at trade-off may seem abstract in such hard-hit countries as Greece, Portugal and Spain. “If the alternative to vocational education is no education and no job, “says Mr. Wossmann, “a dual system should be tried.“ That said, traditions of cooperation among state, unions, employers and schools took g
48、enerations to evolve in Germanic countries. A new deal on such a basis cannot be a quick fix. 26 German government will help other European countries by （ A） setting up more universities. （ B） providing more jobs in Europe. （ C） lending more money to them. （ D） signing memorandum with them. 27 Which
49、 of the following is TRUE about the dual-education system in Germany? （ A） Students serve as apprentices in firms before formal schooling. （ B） Students taking dual-education can get two certificates. （ C） Students qualified for university can sign up the programme. （ D） Students are examined by employers during the training. 28 All the following countries may adopt dual-education in the future EXCEPT （ A） Germany. （ B） Denmark. （ C） Gr
