1、专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 184及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s)
2、 you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 Culture As a Barrier to Communication Our culture will prevent us getting our message across and receiving the full message in
3、tended by others. Thats why we need to overcome the cultural barriers in the communication. I. Three levels of culture A. Outward manifestations Examples: food, art,【 T1】 _, etc.【 T1】 _ B.【 T2】 _【 T2】 _ Invisible rules C.【 T3】 _ cultural assumptions【 T3】 _ Characteristics of American culture: indivi
4、dualism, equality, competition, etc. II. Main causes for cross-cultural misunderstanding A. The in-group/out-group distinction It allows individuals to find an【 T4】 _【 T4】 _ Tendency to blame out-groups for troubles Tendency to【 T5】 _ other groups【 T5】 _ B. Stereotyping It is a(n)【 T6】 _to reduce an
5、xiety【 T6】 _ C. Other causes Lack of trust Lack of empathy The【 T7】 _【 T7】 _ III. Skills for cross-cultural communication A.【 T8】 _【 T8】 _ Identify your attitudes, opinions, biases, etc. B.【 T9】 _【 T9】 _ Listen to others Dont jump to conclusions Periods of silence and【 T10】 _ are allowed in some cul
6、tures【 T10】 _ C. Encourage feedback Feedback allows to correct and adjust messages Feedback can help us reach【 T11】 _【 T11】 _ 【 T12】 _ could be appropriate feedback【 T12】 _ D.【 T13】 _ empathy【 T13】 _ Put ourselves in the other persons shoes Become more sensitive to others needs,【 T14】 _【 T14】 _ E. S
7、eek the【 T15】 _ among cultures【 T15】 _ Establish a bond despite cultural differences 1 【 T1】 2 【 T2】 3 【 T3】 4 【 T4】 5 【 T5】 6 【 T6】 7 【 T7】 8 【 T8】 9 【 T9】 10 【 T10】 11 【 T11】 12 【 T12】 13 【 T13】 14 【 T14】 15 【 T15】 15 Cross Cultural Negotiations Its important to understand the cultural differences
8、 in negotiations, as different cultures have different ways of negotiation. Here are some advice for cross cultural negotiations. I. Different cultures have different【 T1】 _【 T1】 _ Advice: A. Do some homework B. Identify the standard expected negotiating【 T2】 _【 T2】 _ C. Develop skills to overcome【
9、T3】 _【 T3】 _ II. A(n)【 T4】 _ for cross cultural negotiation【 T4】 _ Do your research on what will be expected of you A Define your schedule, what to【 T5】 _ and bring【 T5】 _ B. Verify standard practices【 T6】 _【 T6】 _ Two options if in a more different environment: A Hire local【 T7】 _【 T7】 _ B. Arrange
10、 for a local【 T8】 _ to accompany you【 T8】 _ III. Eight best practices A【 T9】 _ what is expected of you【 T9】 _ B. Explain that how much you appreciate the business opportunities C. Explain that you are【 T10】 _ here【 T10】 _ D. State your【 T11】 _【 T11】 _ E. Ask for instructions F. Apologize if you do o
11、r say something【 T12】 _【 T12】 _ G. Show your desire to【 T13】 _ in the negotiations【 T13】 _ H. Reaffirm the intent to do business with them and learn their culture -【 T14】 _【 T14】 _ A. Remain constantly aware of your environment B. In use of each advice, do not go【 T15】 _【 T15】 _ 16 【 T1】 17 【 T2】 18
12、 【 T3】 19 【 T4】 20 【 T5】 21 【 T6】 22 【 T7】 23 【 T8】 24 【 T9】 25 【 T10】 26 【 T11】 27 【 T12】 28 【 T13】 29 【 T14】 30 【 T15】 专业英语八级（听力）模拟试卷 184答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please
13、complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. 0 【听力原文】
14、 Culture As a Barrier to Communication Good morning, everyone. In this lecture, I am going to lead you to the discussion of cultural barriers and their solutions. I am sure that each of us is exposed to people from other cultures on a regular basis, in the workplace, in our social activities, at sch
15、ool, or even within our families. Our culture hinders us from getting our message across as well as receiving the full message that others want to convey to us. This talk expounds on three aspects: what culture is, the main causes for cross-cultural misunderstandings, and the attitudes and skills th
16、at we need to communicate cross-culturally. First of all, lets talk about what culture is. When we think about culture we first think about a country,1and particularly about its food, art, customs, and patterns of behavior. These are the outward manifestations of a system of values, assumptions, and
17、 deeply rooted beliefs. Culture emerges as a group of people meet and then react to the challenges of life. The responses to those challenges that are successful are taught and shared among members of the group and are passed on from the older to the younger members. Culture is then learned through
18、experience. You can think of culture as having three levels: first, the top level is the outward manifestations, the artifacts:1visible behavior, art, clothing and so on;2second, in the middle level are the values. These are invisible rules that cause the artifacts; thirdly, the most powerful dimens
19、ion of culture is the implicit cultural assumptions. These assumptions lie so deep that they are never questioned, stated or defended. 3Culture also exists among Americans, but what are the implicit cultural assumptions of Americans? Some of the most distinctive characteristics of the American cultu
20、re are: individualism, equality, competition, personal control of the environment, self-help concept, action orientation, informality, directness, practicality, materialism, and problem-solving orientation. These American values and deeply rooted beliefs are very different from other countrys values
21、 and beliefs. The implicit cultural assumptions of Americans are often opposed to those of other cultures. When individuals from different cultures run into each others values and beliefs, cross-cultural misunderstandings take place. Now, lets talk about the main causes for cross-cultural misunderst
22、andings. People constantly interact with people who have similar views and who reinforce their beliefs.4To be able to distinguish between the in-group and the out-group is of central importance for individuals because it allows them to find who they are and who they are not. In the book entitled Cro
23、ss Cultural Encounters, Brislim states: “If individuals have out-groups whom they can blame for troubles, the in-group is then solidified since there is a common goal around which to rally.“ Later on he says: “Individuals become accustomed to reacting in terms of in-group and out-group. They continu
24、e to use such distinctions when interacting with people from other cultures whom they do not know.“ This in-group/out-group distinction provides us with the basis for ethnocentrism,5which is the tendency to interpret and to judge all other groups, their environment, and their communication according
25、 to the categories and values of our own culture. We are guilty of ethnocentrism when we hold that our view of the world is the right one, the correct one, and the only one. We are all familiar with stereotyping, which is one of the most serious problems in intercultural communication.6Our tendency
26、to hold beliefs about groups of individuals based on previously formed opinions, perceptions, and attitudes is often a defense mechanism, a way of reducing anxiety. 7There are many other causes of cross-cultural misunderstanding: lack of trust, lack of empathy, and the misuse of power. All of us kno
27、w what they are about and the turmoil that they cause. But, how can we do a better job at communicating among cultures? This is actually the last part of my talk. The same skills that we need to communicate in general apply to cross-cultural communication. Lets look at some of those skills: 1.8Know
28、yourself: Identify your attitudes, your opinions, and the biases that we all carry around. Identify your likes, your dislikes, your prejudices, and your degree of personal ethnocentrism. 2.9Take time: Listen to the other person and allow him or her to accomplish their purpose. Dont jump to conclusio
29、ns. Sometimes we finish the thoughts and ideas of the other person before he or she has finished talking.10In some cultures, non-verbal styles call for periods of silence and long pauses. 3. Encourage feedback: Feedback allows communicators to correct and adjust messages.11Without feedback we cannot
30、 have agreement. First we must create an atmosphere where others are encouraged to give us feedback.12Again, dont be afraid of silence. It could be the appropriate feedback at times. 4.13Develop empathy: The greater the difference between us and others, the harder it is to empathize. To develop empa
31、thy we must put ourselves in the other persons place.14By becoming more sensitive to the needs, values, and goals of the other person, we overcome our ethnocentric tendencies. 5.15Seek the commonalities among diverse cultures: Despite our cultural differences we are all alike in many ways.15We need
32、to seek that common ground to establish a bond between ourselves and the rest of humanity. All right. I think I have covered the three main parts of my talk. Finally, I would like to reiterate that although our own ethnocentrism might have hindered us from getting to know people from other cultures,
33、 let us be more than ever committed to helping ourselves and others overcome the barrier that culture creates. Let us endeavor to minimize the occurrences of cross-cultural misunderstandings as we develop the attitudes and the skills that are needed to communicate cross-culturally. 【知识模块】 听力填空 1 【正确
34、答案】 customs patterns of behaviors clothing visible behaviors 【试题解析】 本题考查文化第一层次外部表征 的例子。讲座中有两处提到这些外部表征的例子，只要任选其一填入即可。 【知识模块】 听力填空 2 【正确答案】 Values 【试题解析】 本题属于细节题，即文化的第二层次是 Values，注意首字母大写。 【知识模块】 听力填空 3 【正确答案】 Implicit 【试题解析】 录音提到文化有三个层次，第三个层次是文化最强大的部分，即隐含的文化假设。因此本题应填入 Implicit。注意首字母要大写。 【知识模块】 听力填空 4
35、【正确答案】 identity 【 试题解析】 本题考查概括信息的能力。讲座提到，对个人来讲，能否区分局内人与局外人至关重要，因为这能帮助他们辨清 who they are and who they are not。题目中的 an提示了此处应填以元音字母开头的单词，故 identity最佳。 【知识模块】 听力填空 5 【正确答案】 interpret and judge 【试题解析】 录音提到局内人和局外人的差异能给我们带来民族优越感，有解释和判断其他群体的倾向。因此本题填入 interpret and judge。 【知识模 块】 听力填空 6 【正确答案】 defense mechani
36、sm 【试题解析】 讲座中提到，我们对别人的成见是一种用于减低焦虑的防御机制。因此填 defense mechanism。 【知识模块】 听力填空 7 【正确答案】 misuse of power 【试题解析】 根据讲座，引起跨文化误解的其他因素有缺乏信任、缺乏同情心、滥用权力。这里填 misuse of power。 【知识模块】 听力填空 8 【正确答案】 Know yourself 【试题解析】 应对 跨文化交际的第一个技巧就是 “认识自己 ”。因此填 Know yourself，注意首字母大写。 【知识模块】 听力填空 9 【正确答案】 Take time 【试题解析】 本题考查跨文化
37、交际的第二个技巧，即花费一些时间。因此本题填入 Take time。 【知识模块】 听力填空 10 【正确答案】 long pauses 【试题解析】 讲座中提到，不要操之过急，在一些文化中，沉默和长时间的停顿(long pauses)是允许的。 【知识模块】 听力填空 11 【正确答案】 agreement 【试题解析】 本题目是原文 “没有反馈，我们就不能达成一致的协议 ”的同义转换，故填 agreement。 【知识模块】 听力填空 12 【正确答案】 Silence 【试题解析】 录音提到，不要害怕沉默，有时沉默也是一种对他人恰当的反馈。结合提纲内容，本题应填入 Silence。 【知
38、识模块】 听力填空 13 【正确答案】 Develop 【试题解析】 本题考查跨文化交际的第四个技巧，即 Develop empathy。故填入Develop，注意首字母要大 写。 【知识模块】 听力填空 14 【正确答案】 values and goals 【试题解析】 录音提到，为了发挥我们的同情心，我们必须设身处地为他人考虑事情。克服民族优越感的倾向，重视他人的需求、价值和目标。故填入 values and goals。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【正确答案】 Commonalities Common grounds 【试题解析】 本题考查跨文化交际的第五个技巧，即寻找不同文化的共同
39、之处(commonalities)。这里也可以填其同义词 组 Common grounds。 【知识模块】 听力填空 15 【听力原文】 Cross Cultural Negotiations Good morning, everyone. Today we are going to continue our discussion about cross cultural influence on business, particularly on business negotiations. Do you have an international sales negotiation com
40、ing up? Are you nervous about how it will go? Most people dont give much thought to the actual cross cultural communication process prior to their first real cross cultural negotiation. They get obsessed with secondary details. Imagine you are in a long line of people waiting for a taxi at the busy
41、Paris airport, with people swarming everywhere. The noise of the street traffic is competing with the noise from the airplanes in the background. And then you hear such a large commotion, right up at the front of your taxi line. You think it is yet another bomb scare and crane your neck to get a clo
42、ser look with your bags in your hands ready to move. But out of the confusion you hear laughter. What happened? It was only someone who began to try bargaining the price of his ride before he got inside the taxi. with a Parisian taxi driver. The tension breaks as a ripple of laughter mixed with anno
43、yance runs down the taxi line. It is an old story. But it does highlight cultural differences in negotiation very well. Today I am going to address several points about cross culture negotiation. 1First of all, I want you to know that different cultures have different negotiation practices. Negotiat
44、ion practices differ from country to country. Some cultures expect clients to negotiate over things that would be totally unacceptable in other countries. Some cultures get upset or angry by things that are totally acceptable in other cultures. Different cultures simply have different approaches whe
45、n it comes to negotiation. This can be intimidating when you travel to a new country to negotiate for business. And even more so if it is your first time. It is important to know what is culturally expected of you when it comes to negotiation.2If you are just starting out in developing your internat
46、ional markets, it is wise to do some homework and identify the standard expected negotiating habits in the country you are travelling to. No matter how much research you do prior to your first cross cultural negotiation communication road blocks can easily come up. This is even more likely if your n
47、egotiation is taking place in a foreign environment to what you are used to.3So it is even more important to develop skills to ride through communication hurdles. 4Now, let me give you a beginners guideline for cross cultural negotiation. Prior to your first cross cultural negotiation give some thou
48、ght on how you will keep on track. Here is a guideline to help beginners. If you find yourself on your own in a country where negotiation practices are different to your own, there is a strategy to follow. Do your research on what will be expected of you.5Define your schedule, and what you are expected to wear and bring.6If you are a woman, be sure to verify standard practices beforehand. Are there any standard culturally specific negotiating practices? Remember to ask for advice prior to cross-cultural negoti
