1、北京航天航空大学考博英语模拟试卷 1及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in g
2、reat area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call these people “generalists. “ And these “generalists“ are particularly
3、 needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other peoples work, to begin it and judge it. The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a “trained“ ma
4、n; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist and especially the administrator deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an “educated“ man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation. Very rarely
5、is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period
6、, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly. Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you but this is pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time yo
7、u must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee. 1 There is an increasing demand for_. （ A） all round people in their own fields （ B） people whose job is to organize other peoples work （
8、 C） generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional （ D） specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others 2 The specialist is_. （ A） a man whose job is to train other people （ B） a man who has been trained in more than one fields （ C） a man
9、 who can see the forest rather than the trees （ D） a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters 3 The administrator is_. （ A） a “trained“ man who is more a specialist than a generalist （ B） a man who sees the trees as well as the forest （ C） a man who is very strong in the hu
10、manities （ D） a man who is an “educated“ specialist 4 During your training period, it is important_. （ A） to try to be a generalist （ B） to choose a profitable job （ C） to find an organization which fits you （ D） to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist 5 A mans first job_. （
11、 A） is never the right job for him （ B） should not be regarded as his final job （ C） should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any job （ D） is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final job 5 In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action h
12、as revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business to business sales make sense because business people typically know what product theyre look
13、ing for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,“ says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting on
14、line transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull“
15、customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push“ information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the PointCast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continua
16、lly updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a companys Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to custome
17、rs about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen unin
18、vited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. Thats a prospect that horrifies Net purists. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web sit
19、e selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now ma
20、y well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge. 6 We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business_. （ A） has been striving to expand its market （ B） intended to follow a fanciful fashion （ C） tried but in vain to control the market （ D） has been booming for one year or so 7 S
21、peaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that_. （ A） the technology is popular with many Web users （ B） businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions （ C） there is a radical change in strategy （ D） it is accessible limitedly to established partne
22、rs 8 In the view of Net purists, _. （ A） there should be no marketing messages in online culture （ B） money making should be given priority to on the Web （ C） the Web should be able to function as the television set （ D） there should be no online commercial information without requests 9 We learn fr
23、om the last paragraph that_. （ A） pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce （ B） interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers （ C） leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago （ D） setting up shops in silicon is independent of the
24、cost of computing power 10 What is the meaning of “customize“ in the passage? （ A） custom-make （ B） modify （ C） tailor （ D） change 10 The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is
25、 undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is,
26、 because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical hig
27、her productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living. Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U. S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the
28、 primary causes of the poor U. S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U. S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts as a res
29、ult of the training that U. S. workers received on the job. More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of t
30、he building industrys work. What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont force it. After all, thats how education got started. When our ancestors were hunt
31、ers and gatherers 10, 000 years ago, they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things. As education improved, humanitys productivity potential increased as well. When the competi
32、tive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countri
33、es might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future.
34、 On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isnt developing more quickly there than it is. 11 The author holds in Paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries_ （ A） is subject to groundless doubts. （ B） has fallen victim of bias. （ C） is convention
35、ally downgraded. （ D） has been overestimated. 12 It is stated in Paragraph 1 that the construction of a new education system_ （ A） challenges economists and politicians. （ B） takes efforts of generations. （ C） demands priority from the government. （ D） requires sufficient labor force. 13 A major dif
36、ference between the Japanese and U. S workforces is that_ （ A） the Japanese workforce is better disciplined. （ B） the Japanese workforce is more productive. （ C） the U. S workforce has a better education. （ D） the U. S workforce is more organized. 14 The author quotes the example of our ancestors to
37、 show that education emerged_ （ A） when people had enough time. （ B） prior to better ways of finding food. （ C） when people on longer went hungry. （ D） as a result of pressure on government. 15 According to the last paragraph, development of education_ （ A） results directly from competitive environm
38、ents. （ B） does not depend on economic performance. （ C） follows improved productivity. （ D） cannot afford political changes. 15 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid“ media such as television commercials and print advertis
39、ements still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “ owned“ media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Website. The way consumers now approach the broad range of fa
40、ctors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users responses. But in some cases, one marketers owned media become another marketers paid media for instance, when an e-co
41、mmerce retailer sells ad space on its Website. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend , which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and t
42、ravel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson she had observed him playing vigorously with his friends throughout the day, without the slightest indication of illness. （ A） indefensible （ B） comprehensive （ C） corrective （ D） surreptitious 28 Scientists study how
43、parents and their babies_, to better understand how infants learn. （ A） interchange （ B） interrelate （ C） intercourse （ D） interact 29 If you are seeking_that will resolve all our ailments, you are undertaking an impossible task. （ A） precedent （ B） panacea （ C） an abstraction （ D） a direction 30 De
44、velopmental psychologists often cite yelling at children as_and a poor way to help them learn. （ A） benign （ B） diagnostic （ C） inefficacious （ D） therapeutic 31 Id rather you_so rudely to her. （ A） dont speak （ B） wont speak （ C） should not speak （ D） didnt speak 32 Today many kinds of electrical_a
45、re available, which has made housework much easier than before. （ A） facilities （ B） appliances （ C） instruments （ D） equipment 33 The author is going to_his play for television. （ A） add （ B） adopt （ C） adapt （ D） adjust 34 _for your help, Id never have been able to achieve such a success. （ A） If
46、I had not been （ B） Had it not been （ C） If it were not （ D） Had it not 35 With all its advantages, the computer is by no means without its_. （ A） boundaries （ B） limitations （ C） confinements （ D） restraints 36 Im afraid I cant_you_; youll have to go to a hotel. （ A） put .up （ B） pick . up （ C） pul
47、l . up （ D） wake . up 37 The guests said that they wouldnt mind_. （ A） to have a little light music （ B） having a little light music （ C） have a little light music （ D） if they have a little light music 38 Although this area is very poor just now, its_wealth is great. （ A） previous （ B） profound （ C
48、） potential （ D） primary 39 He ran quickly to the classroom, two books_under his arm. （ A） to be hold （ B） held （ C） were held （ D） holding 40 We must try our best to lower the cost of our products. Otherwise the high cost will_our profit. （ A） cut off （ B） cut in （ C） cut short （ D） cut into 三、 Clo
49、ze 40 The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is【 C1】 _to say it anyway. He is that【 C2】 _bird, a scientist who works independently【 C3】_any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not【 C4】_thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aro
