1、四川大学考博英语模拟试卷 3及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Developing a peaceful, understanding, and supportive relationship between parents and children is not an easy task. Failures can and do occur at any age level, and at times the results are the abuse, neglect, and even death of children. Child abuse has
2、 become a major topic in child development and an issue of much national concern. In the span of four legislative years, 19631967, all fifty states enacted laws calling for the reporting of injuries inflicted on children. By 1973, the United States Congress passed the Child Abuse Prevention and Trea
3、tment Act(Public Law 93-247). This law not only reflected the mood of concerned citizens, but it also did much to clear up the confusion and disagreement over what is child abuse. The question “What causes child abuse?“ has prompted much debate. The single most persistent myth which had plagued effo
4、rts to understand causes is the notion that parents who abuse children are mentally disturbed or ill. Although there is no specific psychiatric diagnosis which comprises the behavior and personalities of abuser, they seem to share a common style of child rearing. Those parents demand high levels of
5、child performance and they often use severe physical punishment to ensure the childs proper behavior. Abusive parents themselves were raised in similar family situations and their own childhood experience has a lasting influence on their behaviors of adults. Current research has suggested, however,
6、that the “abuser is sick“ hypothesis is too limited. A broader social, psychological approach recognizes that some personal problems are implicit but that psychological factors arise out of a social context. Social factors include unemployment, social isolation, and unwanted pregnancy. Moreover, fin
7、dings that abuse occurs more frequently in larger families and families with low income, poor education, and low occupational status suggest that many such parents cannot withstand the twenty-four-a-day responsibility to raise and care for their children. These problems aggravate the situation, espe
8、cially when combined with tile general approval in our culture of violence. 1 This selection suggests that child abuse is_. （ A） a growing problem whose causes are not fully understood （ B） caused primarily by the mental illness of parents （ C） a problem in the United States, but a greater one in Eu
9、rope （ D） easily determined because of recent public laws 2 We can know from the second paragraph that the law passed by 1973_. （ A） received little attention from the public （ B） was condemned by abusive parents （ C） was aimed to expand welfare programs of the United States （ D） helped much in clar
10、ifying the problem 3 The person who is least likely to be a child-abusing parent is the one who_. （ A） was raised in abusive family situations himself （ B） creates a peaceful and supportive family environment for his children （ C） is unemployed or socially isolated （ D） is mentally ill 4 Which one o
11、f the following is most probably a cause of child abuse? （ A） Too high an income of the parents. （ B） Unemployment of the parents. （ C） Poor health of the child. （ D） Peculiar personalities of the child. 5 Which of the following statements is the author most likely to agree with? （ A） Violence on TV
12、 may contribute to child abuse. （ B） Medical doctors are largely to blame for unreported cases of child abuse. （ C） The media should not describe the details of child abuse cases. （ D） Violence in our society is acceptable unless children are victims. 5 Is language, like food, a basic human need wit
13、hout which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent. All the infants
14、died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Neverthe
15、less, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and the languag
16、e might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed. Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has st
17、arted late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1, 000 words
18、which he can put into sentences, and at four he knows his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity of speaking. What is special about mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system w
19、hich enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear“. And even more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new wa
20、ys. But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the childs babbling, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets di
21、scouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the childs non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language. 6 What is the purpose of the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century? （ A） To prove that a baby couldnt live without his mother.
22、 （ B） To discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech. （ C） To find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak. （ D） To prove that a child would be damaged without learning a language. 7 Today some children are backward in speaking because_.
23、（ A） they are incapable of learning language rapidly （ B） they are faced with so much language at once （ C） their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak （ D） their brain is not programmed to learn language rapidly 8 If a child starts to speak later than others, he will_in the future
24、. （ A） have a high IQ （ B） be insensitive to verbal signals （ C） be less intelligent （ D） not necessarily be backward 9 Compared with the brain of the monkey, humans brain is a complex system which enables a child_. （ A） to be born with the capacity of singing （ B） to see things more clearly than an
25、imals （ C） to connect the sight and feel with the sound word （ D） to run faster than animals 10 Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage? （ A） The faculty of speech is inborn in man. （ B） Mother plays an important role in childs learning language. （ C） Insensitivity of the mother
26、to the infants signals will cause them to learn nothing about language. （ D） The childs brain is highly selective. 10 When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using
27、this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with re
28、commendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group the National Bioethics Advisory Commission(NBAC) has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on May 17, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations. NBAC will ask that Clintons 90-day ban
29、on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet re
30、ached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the May 17 meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that
31、it would be “ morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. “ Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some
32、 details have not been settled. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on huma
33、n cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “ up in the air“. 11 We can learn from the first paragraph that_. （ A） the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning （ B） federal funds have been used in a p
34、roject to clone humans （ C） NBAC was empowered to control the misuse of cloning technique （ D） the White House has got the panels recommendations on cloning 12 The meaning of the word “consensus“ in Paragraph 3 is closest to_. （ A） requirement （ B） content （ C） agreement （ D） distinction 13 The pane
35、l agreed on all of the following except that_. （ A） the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law （ B） the privately funded researchers and clinics should be forbidden to clone humans （ C） it would be against ethical values to clone a human being （ D） it would be against the law to
36、 use private funding for human cloning 14 Which of the following statements can be inferred from Paragraph 2? （ A） The recommendation should be expressed narrowly to avoid the cloning of human DNA. （ B） The recommendation should be confined to the cloning of human DNA. （ C） The cloning of human DNA
37、should not be put under more control. （ D） The cloning of human DNA should be restricted narrowly. 15 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_. （ A） the issue of human cloning will soon be settled （ B） some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely （ C） privately funded researche
38、rs will respond positively to NBACs appeal （ D） a law banning human cloning is to be passed immediately 15 When people are struck by lightening, they fall to the ground as though they were struck by a severe blow to the head. After the shock they may remain unconscious, become semiconscious or be co
39、nscious but confused and dazed, at least for a time. Flashes of light may continue passing before their eyes, and blindness and deafness may follow. The nervous system may be badly affected, causing paralysis, pain in the limbs and even hemorrhage. There will be burns where the lightening passed thr
40、ough the body, and like all electrical bunts, they are often deep and sever. All persons, especially campers and hunters, should know how to give first aid to someone who has been struck by lightening. Do not be afraid to touch the victim. You wont get a shock. The lightening has already been ground
41、ed. Remember that speed is of the greatest importance in severe cases. The first thing to do is to loosen tight clothing about the throat and waist. Then clear the air passages of mucus(黏液 )if present, and apply artificial respiration if necessary. Give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if needed, or giv
42、e oxygen if available. Many victims thought to be dead have been revived after treatment. Send someone for a doctor as soon as possible, but dont leave the victim alone. If a doctor is not available, take the person to a hospital as soon as the person can be safely moved. Signs of shock are: pale, c
43、old, sticky skin; weak, rapid pulse; shallow, irregular breathing or, in extreme cases, no breathing at all. To treat shock, you must keep the patient lying down with the head lower than the feet and cover him or her with a blanket but watch out for overheating. Giving a stimulating hot tea or coffe
44、e will help, but only if the patient is thoroughly conscious. After breathing has been restored and shock is treated, treat the burns. Apply some salve and cover them with a clean cloth or a sterile dressing. If conscious, the patient will be badly frightened, so do all you can to reassure. A little
45、 knowledge and a helping hand may save someones life. 16 The passage mainly talks about_. （ A） which metals conduct electricity best （ B） where to go in a thunderstorm （ C） how to treat someone struck by lightening （ D） how to make mouth-to-mouth resuscitation 17 According to the passage, all the fo
46、llowing are signs of shock except_. （ A） abnormal fever （ B） cold skin （ C） irregular breathing （ D） rapid pulse 18 It can be guessed from the passage that_. （ A） many campers and hunters are struck by lightening （ B） cars are convenient for outdoor activities （ C） electric shock does little harm to
47、 the human body （ D） only professional nurses and doctors are allowed to give first aid 19 The word “ salve“ in Line 1 of the last paragraph most likely means_. （ A） sponge （ B） bandage （ C） ointment （ D） liquid 20 Which of the following must not be done while treating shock? （ A） Giving the patient
48、 a cup of hot tea. （ B） Making the patient lie with the feet lower than the head. （ C） Covering the burns with a sterile dressing. （ D） Applying artificial respiration. 20 To live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorfs assertion that social change exists everywhere. Te
49、chnology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is a major source of social change. Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does not exist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use a spear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass of matter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the purpose equally well. The
