1、大学英语六级模拟试卷 281及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Protect Our Internet. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 1. 网络是人们获取信息必不可少的工
2、具 2.但是，在网络上也出现了一些不和谐的因素，如垃圾信息、黄色网站、虚假新闻、网络炒作等 3.如何采取措施制止和消除这些现象 二、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark： Y (for YE
3、S) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 1 Robotic Surgery Stuart Forbes celebrated his 60th birthday on April 11. A week late
4、r, he was diagnosed with prostate (前列腺 ) cancer. “It was quite a month,“ says Forbes, a blunt Vietnam veteran who runs a consulting firm outside Boston. When biopsies confirmed he had an aggressive form of the disease, Forbes started looking for a surgeon. The first recommended a traditional radical
5、 prostatectomy (前列腺切除术 ), which would require an eight-to-10 inch incision and at 1east two days in the hospital Forbes was also warned that he would likely lose almost all the nerves on the left side of the prostate, which could permanently affect his sexual function. “I thought, I need to really l
6、ook at all my options ,“ says Forbes. He considered high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation (切除 ), a relatively new technology thats been used in Europe. But its expensive and would require transatlantic trips. He looked into various forms of radiation, as well as proton-beam therapy. Then, in Ju
7、ne, his girlfriend took him to a symposium on robotic surgery. “I saw the machine and how it worked,“ remembers Forbes. “It was just incredible. I said, Thats it.“ In August, Dr. Ashutosh Tewari, director of robotic prostatectomy at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Well Cornell, removed Forbess walnut-
8、size prostate and lymph nodes and reattached his bladder to his urethra (尿道 )without once putting his hands inside the patient. Using Intuitive Surgicals da Vinci robotic system and operating through five tiny incisions, Tewari conducted the entire procedure from across the room. He sat at a console
9、 and turned two knobs to remotely manipulate tiny surgical instruments attached to adjustable robotic arms. Forbes was walking within hours of his surgery and was discharged the next day. He compares the discomfort from the largest incision (about two inches long, and the only one to require stitche
10、s) to a bad pimple. By midweek he was walking three miles daily. In 10 days he was back at work. After three weeks he was playing golf again; by late October hed regained normal urinary, and most sexual function. “Im about as excited as anyone can be about this procedure,“ he says. Using robots to p
11、erform surgery once seemed a futuristic fantasy. Not anymore. An estimated 36 600 robotic procedures will be performed this year- from heart-bypass surgeries to kidney transplants to hysterectomies (子宫切除术 ). Thats up nearly 50 percent from last year, and analysts predict the figure will nearly doubl
12、e in 2006 to more than 70 000 procedures. Since the da Vinci was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in July 2000 (the only robotic system to get the FDA nod), about 350 of the units have been purchased, including 30 in the last quarter alone, at about 1.3 million a piece. Surgeons who use
13、the system have found that patients have less blood loss and pain, lower risk of complications, shorter hospital stays and quicker recovery times than those who have open surgery. The robotic system has already transformed the field of prostate surgery, for which it was approved in May 2001. That ye
14、ar it was used in less than 1 percent of all prostatectomies. This year more than 20 percent will be done with the robot. And that figure is expected to double next year. “Its becoming the standard of care for prostatectomies,“ says Dr. Santiago Horgan, director of minimally invasive and robotic sur
15、gery at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). The first major study to compare open and robotic prostatectomies was published in the British Journal of Urology in 2003 by Dr. Mani Menon, head of the Vattikuti Urology Institute at Detroits Henry Ford Hospital. (The hospital has now done about
16、2 050 of the robotic procedures -more than any other in the nation. ) The study of 300 patients found that those who had open surgery lost five times as much blood, had four times the risk of complications and remained in the hospital more than three times as long as those who had robotic surgery. R
17、obotic-surgery patients had a 14 percent higher rate of cancer removal and, on average, regained urinary function in about a month and a half- four times as fast as open-surgery patients. Also, robotic patients were able to have sexual intercourse again in about 11 months, while half of the open-sur
18、gery patients had not regained full sexual function even two years later. The response to the findings was skeptical at best. “They didnt believe any of it,“ Menon says of some peers. “It just seemed too good to be true.“ But a year later, Dr. Thomas Ahlering, chief of urological oncology at the Uni
19、versity of California, Irvine, Medical Center, published similar findings in the journal of Urology using 120 of his own patients. And the tide began to turn. “Dr. Menon and a few others showed excellent results with the da Vinci, and then they showed that their results are reproducible,“ says Dr. R
20、eza Ghavamian, director of urologic ontology at New Yorks Montefiore Medical Center, which purchased a system this fall. “Theres no question this system has revolutionized the surgery.“ Five years ago, says Dr. David B. Samadi, director of robotic laparoscopic urology surgery at NewYork-Presbyterian
21、 Hospital/Columbia Medical Center, 80 to 90 percent of the prostatectomies he did were open, with less than 10 percent done robotically. Now the figures have reversed. “There is much less blood loss and an extremely low rate of complications,“ he says. Forbess procedure required just five small cuts
22、. A surgical assistant inserted a tiny camera and different instruments, all attached to robotic arms, into Forbess body through pen-size holes. As he remotely manipulated the forceps or scissors, Tewari kept his eyes glued to a 3-D monitor, which showed images captured by the camera and magnified 1
23、0 times. “I can see things now within a fraction of a millimeter,“ says Tewari, who has done nearly 300 robotic prostatectomies in the past year. The next frontier for robotic surgery may be gynecologica (妇产科学的 ) laparoscopic procedures, for which the system was just approved this spring. There are
24、about five times as many hysterectomies as prostateetomies performed each year, and surgeons say the complex procedure could benefit from the robotic systems precision. Cardiac surgeons have also begun using the da Vinci for a range of procedures, from mitral-valve repair to coronary-bypass surgery.
25、 In October, Dr. Francis Sutter, chief of cardiology at the Heart Center at Lankenau Hospital, near Philadelphia, did what he says is the first da Vinci double bypass. “Id heard these stories about how they cut you right down the middle,“ says his patient Gilbert Minacci, a 65-year-old retired schoo
26、l principal from Glen Rock, Pa. But he had just a single two-inch incision on the left side of his chest. A week and a half after the surgery, Minacci was walking 30 minutes a day, and tests show his heart function is normal again. “I think even my doctor was surprised that I bounced back so quickly
27、,“ he says. “If you have to go through this, I dont think it could have been much better.“ While Sutter is a proponent of the system, he says his peers may be put off by the price tag. His center held fund-raisers to help pay for the da Vinci system in April. “Obviously, I am sold on it,“ says Sutte
28、r, who has since performed 30 coronary bypasses with the system. “But these robots cost a lot of money. Thats been a barrier.“ Insurance companies usually pay the same amount regardless of the type of procedure a patient picks, Sutter says, so the hospital is left picking up the tab for the more exp
29、ensive robotic surgery. Also, some surgeons are reluctant to commit the hours necessary to learn robotic techniques. “There are a lot of surgeons who do what they do, and do it well, and dont want to spend time learning a new skill set,“ says Scott Goldman, surgery chairman of Main Line Health, whic
30、h owns the Heart Center at Lankenau. “But I think the people with the strongest objections have never tried it.“ 2 High-intensity focused ultrasound ablation (切除 ) is a relatively new technology which is expensive and but only operated in Europe. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 3 Half a year after his 60th bi
31、rthday, Forbes had his prostate and lymph nodes removed and his bladder to his urethra reattached(尿道 ). （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 4 Da Vinci was the first robotic system to be applied and approved by the Food and Drug Administration. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 5 Robotic surgery has less blood loss and pain,
32、lower risk of complications, shorter hospital stays and quicker recovery times than those who have open surgery. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 6 While Sutter is a_, he says his peers may be put off by the price tag. 7 Traditional radical prostatectomy(前列腺切除术 ), which would require an_ and at least two days
33、in the hospital. 8 Some surgeons are reluctant to _ to learn robotic techniques as it is too difficult to learn. 9 An estimated _ robotic procedures will be performed this year from heart: bypass surgeries to kidney transplants to hysterectomies (子宫切除术 ). 10 Forbes is about as excited as _. 11 Insur
34、ance companies usually pay the same amount _, Sutter says, so the hospital is left picking up the tab for the more expensive robotic surgery. Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions wi
35、ll be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. （ A） Hed like her to leave. （ B） He just washed hi
36、s clothes. （ C） He has gathered a lot of information. （ D） He has been waiting to use the machine. （ A） Professor Gary decided he didnt need an assistant. （ B） Professor Gary hasnt announced his decision yet. （ C） She has decided not to apply for the job. （ D） Classes start late this year. （ A） She
37、agrees with the man. （ B） She didnt visit the tower. （ C） High places make her uncomfortable. （ D） She will use the elevator next time. （ A） He has to work tonight. （ B） He seldom goes to parties. （ C） He will probably miss the party. （ D） He doesnt enjoy Jims party. （ A） He wants to be a featured p
38、erformer. （ B） He plans to attend the student opera. （ C） He hopes to give an important role to a student. （ D） He will sing with the opera until the semester is over. （ A） Pay the bill. （ B） Choose a restaurant. （ C） Leave the restaurant. （ D） Decide what they want to eat. （ A） The computer takes a
39、 few minutes to warm up. （ B） She doesnt know what the problem is. （ C） The man should turn off the computer. （ D） She cant help the man right now. （ A） He was lucky to get the tickets. （ B） He really enjoyed the game. （ C） He hopes to get a good seat at the game. （ D） Hes surprised the woman wants
40、to go with him. （ A） They are husband and wife. （ B） The woman is a guest to the mans house. （ C） The man is a guest to the womans flat. （ D） They are father and daughter. （ A） Because she wanted to see her old house. （ B） Because she thought of her parents. （ C） Because she was not good at singing.
41、 （ D） Because she wanted to look at the lights. （ A） She worked hard and was successful. （ B） She lived a poor life in the past. （ C） She needs much sleep. （ D） Both A and B （ A） Relaxing at the seashore. （ B） Visiting her parents. （ C） Sailing on a boat. （ D） Preparing for a race. （ A） She was invi
42、ted only for the weekend. （ B） The weather was too hot. （ C） She had an appointment. （ D） She had schoolwork to do. （ A） She had to go home. （ B） She was too tired to continue. （ C） She had to finish her schoolwork. （ D） She was thirsty. （ A） She doesnt know how to swim. （ B） The water was too deep.
43、 （ C） The water was too cold. （ D） She didnt have enough time. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the
44、best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. （ A） The pilots concentration. （ B） The efficiency of the local mobile phone network. （ C） How long it takes passengers to get seated. （ D） The navigational equipment of the plane. （ A） Absolve (赦免 ) them from any guilt. （ B） Help increase thei
45、r profits. （ C） Frighten passengers into following the rules. （ D） Encourage pilots to use mobile phones. （ A） They dont care. （ B） They have varied opinions on the issue. （ C） They feel that mobile phone use on planes is extremely dangerous. （ D） They feel that mobile phone use on planes is not dan
46、gerous. （ A） Modifying their genes. （ B） Trying to force it. （ C） Trying to buy it. （ D） Seeking it through pleasurable activities. （ A） They will probably have a genetic defect. （ B） They will feel dazzling. （ C） They will lose their appetite. （ D） They are more likely to be in positive moods. （ A）
47、 Habits. （ B） Cholesterol. （ C） Genes. （ D） Attitudes. （ A） Education. （ B） Wealth. （ C） Diligence. （ D） Political status. （ A） The change of the nature of occupations. （ B） The decrease of social wealth. （ C） The change of educational degree. （ D） The increase of job opportunities. （ A） Farmers. （
48、B） Politicians. （ C） Accountants. （ D） Clerks. （ A） White-collar workers. （ B） Farm workers. （ C） Blue-collar workers. （ D） Not mentioned. Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its gene
49、ral idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the 36 Most Impressionists were born in the bourgeoisie class, and this was the world they painted. For subject matter, Impressionists looked to
