1、大学英语六级（ 2013年 12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷 199及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on Mark Twains remark “I can live for two months on a good compliment. “ You can cite examples to illustrate your point of view. You should write at least 150 words but n
2、o more than 200 words. Section A （ A） Australia. （ B） America. （ C） Britain. （ D） Austria. （ A） Approving. （ B） Disapproving. （ C） Cautious. （ D） Uncertain. （ A） Give up his right to vote. （ B） Vote randomly. （ C） Support one party firmly. （ D） Take politics seriously. （ A） When they are in a hurry.
3、 （ B） When they are forced to vote. （ C） When they dislike all the listed parties. （ D） When they dont want to waste their votes. （ A） To attend the orientation. （ B） To meet his professor. （ C） To find some books. （ D） To use the computer. （ A） The name of the author. （ B） His student ID. （ C） The
4、title of the book. （ D） His whereabouts. （ A） On the second floor of the west wing. （ B） On the second floor of the east wing. （ C） On the first floor of the west wing. （ D） On the first floor of the east wing. （ A） Because the professor may need them from time to time. （ B） Because they are very pr
5、ecious and valuable. （ C） Because the professor hopes they are available to all the students. （ D） Because they are already reserved by some students. Section B （ A） She performed acting roles for TV shows. （ B） She sang for a local music group. （ C） She released her first music album. （ D） She join
6、ed a music tour of America. （ A） Best-selling Female Artist. （ B） Queen of Pop. （ C） MTV Video Music Awards. （ D） The Star of Hollywood. （ A） She divorced her husband. （ B） She won a Grammy Award. （ C） She was engaged and married. （ D） She released her comeback album. （ A） It has the highest water c
7、leanliness standard in Europe. （ B） It has the best natural swimming pool in Europe. （ C） It has the best purification specialist in Europe. （ D） It has the cleanest river in Europe. （ A） Whether the water is clean enough. （ B） If it can be used in various weather conditions. （ C） If it will lead to
8、 less visitors. （ D） Whether the river traffic will be affected. （ A） To separate the changing rooms from the pool. （ B） To provide a path to the swimming area. （ C） To make the pool shallow enough for children. （ D） To protect people from waves caused by river traffic. （ A） Environment agencies. （
9、B） The city of London. （ C） The state government. （ D） Public donation. Section C （ A） The US governments monthly employment report. （ B） The US governments monthly tax report. （ C） The US governments monthly budget report. （ D） The US governments monthly deficit report. （ A） Its entirely the fault
10、of Europes leaders. （ B） Its entirely the fault of the US politicians. （ C） Its not entirely the fault of Europes leaders. （ D） Its not entirely the fault of the US politicians. （ A） Introducing tax incentives for businesses. （ B） Cutting budgets on medicare. （ C） Pumping more dollars into the econo
11、my. （ D） Coming to an agreement on a deficit cutting plan. （ A） Living in areas with noise pollution. （ B） Living in areas with light pollution. （ C） Living in areas with water pollution. （ D） Living in areas with air pollution. （ A） Heart disease caused by high blood pressure. （ B） Health problems
12、associated with pollution. （ C） Leading risk factors for heart disease. （ D） Blood-pressure lowering drugs. （ A） It usually happens in urban areas. （ B） It is known as a deadly disease for humans. （ C） It could be prevented in many cases. （ D） It can be cured in five to eight years. （ A） Slightly po
13、lluted areas. （ B） Heavily polluted areas. （ C） Urban areas. （ D） Rural areas. （ A） The impact of smoking lasts less than 30 years. （ B） Smoking has a long-term impact on our molecular machinery. （ C） Damages caused by smoking can never be cured. （ D） Ailments are mainly caused by damage to the DNA.
14、 （ A） They checked the lungs of 16,000 people. （ B） They examined the heartbeats of 16,000 smokers. （ C） They measured the blood pressure of 16,000 smokers. （ D） They looked at blood samples from 16,000 people. （ A） The effects of smoking on their DNA still exists. （ B） The damage to their DNA will
15、be cured one year later. （ C） The function of their DNA has been changed. （ D） The chance of having cancer is still high. Section A 26 When the job market worsens, many students figure they cant indulge(沉溺于 )in an English or a history major. They have to study something that will lead【 C1】_to a job.
16、 So it is almost inevitable that over the next few years, as labor markets struggle, the humanities will continue their long【 C2】 _. The labs are more glamorous(迷人的 )than the libraries. However, let me stand up for the history, English and art classes, even in the face of todays economic realities.
17、Studying the humanities improves your ability to read and write. You will have【 C3】 _power if you are the person in the office who can write a clear and concise memo. Studying the humanities will give you a familiarity with the language of emotion. In an information economy, many people have the abi
18、lity to【 C4】 _a technical innovation: a new MP3 player. Very few people have the ability to create a great brand: the iPod. Branding involves the location and arousal(觉醒，激励 )of【 C5】 _, and you cant do it unless you are conversant(精通的 )in the language of romance. Finally, and most importantly, studyi
19、ng the humanities helps you【 C6】 _“The Big Shaggy“. Over the past century or so, people have built【 C7】 _systems to help them understand human behavior: economics, political science, game theory and evolutionary psychology. But none completely explain behavior because deep down people have passions
20、and【 C8】 _that dont lend themselves to systemic modeling. They have yearnings and fears that【 C9】 _in an inner beast you could call “ The Big Shaggy“. If youre【 C10】 _about “ The Big Shaggy“ , youll probably get eaten by it. A)affection I)enormous B)aware J)murder C)befriend K)observe D)blindly L)pr
21、oduce E)directly M)sense F)drives N)slide G)dumb O)various H)dwell 27 【 C1】 28 【 C2】 29 【 C3】 30 【 C4】 31 【 C5】 32 【 C6】 33 【 C7】 34 【 C8】 35 【 C9】 36 【 C10】 Section B 36 Why Depression Needs a New Definition AMany psychiatrists believe that a new approach to diagnosing and treating depressionlinkin
22、g individual symptoms to their underlying mechanismsis needed for research to move forward. In his Aphorisms, Hippocrates defined melancholia(忧郁症 ), an early understanding of depression, as a state of “fears and losing courage, if they last a long time. “ It was caused, he believed, by an excess of
23、bile(胆汁 )in the body(the word “melancholia“ is ancient Greek for “black bile“). BEver since then, doctors have struggled to create a more precise and accurate definition of the illness that still isnt well understood. In the 1920s, the German psychiatrist Kurt Schneider argued that depression could
24、be divided into two separate conditions, each requiring a different form of treatment: depression that resulted from changes in mood, which he called “inner depression“ , and depression resulting from reactions to outside events, or “ reactive depression“. His theory was challenged in 1926, when the
25、 British psychologist Edward Mapother argued in the British Medical Journal that there was no evidence for two distinct types of depression, and that the apparent differences between depression patients were just differences in the severity of the condition. CToday, Schneiders subtypes have largely
26、fallen out of favor, but over the years, many more definitions were offered in their place. In 1969, the American psychologist Rollo May wrote in his book Love and Will that “ depression is the inability to construct a future,“ while the cognitive psychologist Albert Ellis argued in 1987 that depres
27、sion, unlike “appropriate sadness“ , stemmed from “irrational beliefs“ that left sufferers ill-equipped to deal with even mild setbacks. DIn 1952, the American Psychiatric Association tried to standardize the definitions of mental illnesses, including depression, by creating a taxonomy(分类法 )of menta
28、l illnesses. In the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, depression was listed under the broad category of “ disorders without clearly defined physical cause“. The DSM-III, published in 1980, was the APAs first attempt to clarify the definitions of specific disorders by listing th
29、eir symptoms: the new edition included guidelines for differentiating depression from other disorders, and outlined eight symptoms of depression, included “poor appetite or significant weight loss“ and “complaints or evidence of diminished ability to think or concentrate“. If an adult met four of th
30、e eight symptoms, the manual counseled, he or she would meet the criteria for clinical depression. In the DSM-V, published in 2013, depressive disorders were finally allocated their own chapter. The diagnostic criteria were mostly unchanged, with the exception of one additional symptom: “ Depressed
31、mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report(e. g. , feels sad or empty)or observation made by others(e. g. , appears tearful). “ ESome scientists believe that the DSM-V definition is still too vague. As the psychiatrist Daniel Goldberg noted in the journal World
32、Psychiatry in 2011, many of the DSM symptoms are opposites, which can make it difficult for researchers working to develop a more precise understanding of the condition. “ A patient who has psychomotor retardation(精神运动性阻滞 ), hypersomnia(嗜睡 ), and gaining weight is scored as having identical symptoms
33、 as another who is agitated, sleeping badly, and has weight loss,“ Goldberg wrote. FMany recent studies have verified Goldbergs concerns. In 2000, for example, a group of researchers at Johns Hopkins University attempted to identify subtypes of depression by studying the symptoms of nearly 2,000 pat
34、ients. However, the researchers were unable to find much of a pattern connecting gender, family history, symptoms, and the degree of the condition(mild to severe). “Depression is of different kind,“ they concluded, adding that “the severity of an episode appears to be more informative than the patte
35、rn of symptoms. “ And in 2010, researchers in Germany testing the validity of the DSM-IV definition found that the criteria captured a huge population of patients with “widely varying associations with the pattern of co-morbidity(共病 ), personality traits, features of the depressive episode and demog
36、raphic characteristics. “ The results, they argued, “challenge our understanding of major depression as a similar categorical entity. “ GPart of the problem, said Scott Monroe, a professor of psychology at the University of Notre Dame, is that in medical term, depression is considered a syndrome rat
37、her than a disease. While a disease is a specific condition characterized by a common underlying cause and consistent physical traits, a syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms known to frequently appear together, but without a single known cause. In a paper published in June in the journal C
38、urrent Directions in Psychological Science, Monroe called for scientists to begin defining depression with more precision. “ It is in this vague and imprecise realm that problems can arise,“ he wrote, “ and vague insights based on imperfect similarities and differences eventually may prove to be cle
39、ar oversights. “ HPart of the reason that scientists are still working in the “vague and imprecise realm“ , as Monroe put it, is because they still dont have a clear answer for what causes depression. In the 1960s, the dominant hypothesis was that it stemmed from a chemical imbalance in the brain, s
40、pecifically from lower levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin(血清素 ). As a result, drug companies poured resources into developing “selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors“(SSRIs), drugs that increased the amount of serotonin in the brain. SSRIs are still the most commonly prescribed type of antide
41、pressantdespite the fact that research has shown that lower levels of serotonin do not necessarily cause depression for all individuals. And in 2010, a review of three decades worth of studies on antidepressants found that while SSRIs can be helpful for severely depressed people, their effectiveness
42、 “may be minimal or nonexistent“ in those with mild or moderate depression. IBruce Cuthbert, the director of adult translational(平动 )research and treatment development at the National Institute of Mental Health(NIMH), thinks that part of the problem is that researchers have largely focused their att
43、ention on finding a one-size-fits-all treatment that doesnt exist. “When you do a clinical trial, youre getting a bunch of people who are depressed , but theyre actually very different,“ he said. “ Its like comparing apples, pears, and oranges. Youre not going to see a significant effect. Youre not
44、going to be able to say, This treatment works for fruits. “ Trying to create a singular treatment for depression, Cuthbert said, is like trying to create one for cancer: too unspecific to actually be helpful. “Our current diagnostic system is running out of steam for research. “ “While DSM has been
45、described as a Bible for the field, it is, at best, a dictionary, creating a set of labels and defining each,“ the NIMH director Tom Insel wrote in 2013. JIn 2010, Insel invited Cuthbert, who was then working as a psychology professor at the University of Minnesota, to help the NIMH develop a new fr
46、amework for defining mental illness. The result, unveiled in 2013, was the Research Domain Criteria(RDoC), a system created to flip the way researchers think about mental disorders. Unlike the DSM, RDoC isnt organized by disorder: instead, its organized around specific symptoms, like fear, anhedonia
47、(the inability to feel pleasure), and willingness or unwillingness to work. The system also lists the genes, neural circuits, physical response, and self-reported behavior associated with each symptom. KThe theory behind this RDoC system is that treating a specific symptom will produce better result
48、s than treating a broad category of illness. Many depression patients exhibit anhedonia, for example, but many others dont. But if researchers took a group of patients who all displayed anhedonia, regardless of their diagnosis(its also a common symptom of schizophrenia)and tested treatments for that
49、 very specific symptom, they would get better results for treating anhedonia. LThe current definition of depression, Cuthbert explains, has largely stemmed from scientists observing patients and then developing lists of symptoms based on what they saw. “ The belief was that if you described the disorder well enough, you would be able to define it,“ he said. But its becoming increasingly clear, he said, that by relying on describing the disorder, scientists are on
