1、大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 111及答案与解析 Section A 0 It seems individual cancer cells send out the same distress signals as wounds, tricking immune cells into helping them grow into tumours. The finding suggests that anti-inflammatory drugs could help to combat or prevent cancer. “Lifelong, if you take a small
2、quantity of something that【 C1】 _inflammation(炎症 ), such as aspirin, it could reduce the risk of cancer,“ says Adam Hurlstone of the University of Manchester, UK. When tissue is wounded or infected it produces hydrogen peroxide(过氧化氢 ). White blood cells called leukocytes(白血球 )are among the first cel
3、ls to react to this【 C2】_, homing in to kill the infectious agent, clean up the mess and rebuild【 C3】_tissue. At first, the tissue becomes inflamed, but this subsides as the wound is cleared and rebuilding continues. Now, a study in zebra fish shows that this process is also instigated(发起 )and susta
4、ined by tumour cells. Hurlstone and his colleagues【 C4】 _modified zebra fish so that skin cells and leukocytes would show different【 C5】 _under ultraviolet light. Some zebra fish were also engineered to have cancerous skin cells. The team found that the cancerous skin cells secreted hydrogen peroxid
5、e,【 C6】_leukocytes which helped them on their way to become a tumour. When the team【 C7】 _hydrogen peroxide production in the zebra fish, the leukocytes were no longer attracted to cancerous cells and the cancer colonies reduced in【 C8】 _. More alarmingly, the researchers found that healthy skin cel
6、ls【 C9】 _to the cancerous ones also produced hydrogen peroxide, suggesting that cancer cells【 C10】_co-opt them into triggering inflammation. A)adjacent F)figure K)somehow B)blocked G)genetically L)somewhat C)charged H)hue M)summoning D)colors I)hurtful N)suppresses E)damaged J)number O)trigger 1 【 C
7、1】 2 【 C2】 3 【 C3】 4 【 C4】 5 【 C5】 6 【 C6】 7 【 C7】 8 【 C8】 9 【 C9】 10 【 C10】 10 The worlds first institution of its kind was founded in 1753, based on the collections left to the nation by Sir Hans Sloane, a wealthy doctor who had made it clear that he expected them to be open to public view. A comm
8、ittee of eminent(著名的 )trustees was【 C1】 _to organize the museum in a 17th-century mansion called Montagu House, bought with【 C2】 _raised by a public lottery, and late in 1758 the trustees decided to open to the public, though as David Wilson makes clear in his history of the museum, they had reserva
9、tions about who should be let in. There were【 C3】 _doubts about servants and members of the lower classes, whose presence could offend visitors from【 C4】 _up the social ladder. No drunks were welcome, and for the collections safety it was provided that visitors must be shown【 C5】_by the museums offi
10、cers and not allowed to walk through the rooms【 C6】_. The number of visitors in the early years【 C7】 _to some 12 000 people a year, who came to see the antiquities from Aztec Mexico to Ancient Egypt to India and Japan, the classical statues, the natural history and geological【 C8】 _, the manuscripts
11、 and drawings, coins and medals. The Egyptian mummies(木乃伊 )particularly【 C9】_early visitors. Reputable scholars were allowed to work in the reading rooms. In the early days they included the philosopher. Purchases and【 C10】 _swiftly augmented(增加 )the collections and the museum was well on its way. A
12、)alone F)gifts K)noble B)assembled G)grave L)prevented C)assigned H)higher M)ran D)belongings I)items N)round E)fascinated J)money O)simply 11 【 C1】 12 【 C2】 13 【 C3】 14 【 C4】 15 【 C5】 16 【 C6】 17 【 C7】 18 【 C8】 19 【 C9】 20 【 C10】 Section B 20 A Classroom Where No One Cheats A)When I catalog my pers
13、onal top ten list of teaching failures, the first spot always goes to the same offense: cheating. The times Ive caught the eye of a student whose glance has wandered on to a classmates test. When Ive compared two identical, oddly misspelled answers of two different quizzes. When Ive found a sentence
14、 in an essay that doesnt feel right and a quick search of the Internet locates that same sentence in a published article. Oh, and the fallout: denials, tears, parents who insist, “My child simply would never do that sort of thing. “ B)While Id love to place the blame for this offense fully on my stu
15、dents shoulders, I cant. My teaching methods and classroom habits are often as much to blame as their response to them. If my teaching practices create an atmosphere in which students resort to cheating rather than rely on their own hard work and discovery, Im doing something wrong. C)Eradicating(根除
16、 )cheating from a classroom is a remarkably difficult task. Cheating is a many-headed hydra(九头蛇 ): Cut one offense off, and another one bursts forth in its place. Teachers struggle to keep up with students novel and ingenious methods of academic deception, and yet we forever remain one step behind o
17、ur technologically and ethically flexible wards. Plus, cheating taps into teachers worst fears about both our ability to teach and our trust in our students. I never doubt my perceptions more than when I contemplate whether to confront a student about suspicions of cheating. No matter how the proces
18、s shakes out, trust is broken, feelings are hurt, and everyone loses sleep. D)One teacher, desperate to eradicate cheating at its source, has come up with a theory of cheating and a plan for what he calls “The(Nearly)Cheating-Free Classroom.“ In his book Cheating Lessons: Learning from Academic Dish
19、onesty, James M. Lang, Associate Professor of English at Assumption College, recounts his experience with cheating, and his personal journey to rid his classroom of its influence. Lang undertook his research on academic dishonesty because, “My personal experiences with cheating were probably a lot l
20、ike yours: students occasionally cheated in my classes, it baffled and frustrated me, and I was never sure how to react. “ Lang turned to the available research on cheating, searching for ways to fight back. E)When Lang looked into the data on who cheats, and how often, the numbers varied widely. As
21、 most of the studies on cheating rely on student self-reporting, cheating statistics depend on students and researchers shared understanding of the definition of cheating, and thats a high hurdle(障碍 )to clear. In one study, in which respondents were given clear definitions of academically dishonest
22、behaviors, such as “writing a paper for another student,“ or “copying answers from a text or other source instead of doing the work independently,“ 75 percent of students admitted to at least one of the pre-defined cheating behaviors over the course of their college career an uncomfortably large per
23、centage. F)After clearly identifying the problem, Lang presents his solutions for combatting the cheating epidemic. First, teachers should be focused on encouraging mastery rather than performance on assessments. When Lang looked at research on how teachers goals for their students influence cheatin
24、g, he found that there are two types of learners, mastery- and performance-oriented. According to Lang, mastery-oriented students “pursue understanding,“ whereas performance-oriented students hope to “demonstrate their ability.“ When students are more focused on their grade point average than the ma
25、terial they are supposed to be learning, they are much more likely to cheat. Worse, when students compete with each other around grades, they are far more likely to put their energy into demonstrating their ability than to pursue their own individual understanding of the material. If we want to curb
26、 student cheating, we should be aiming higher than the carrot and stick of grades and assessments and engage our students in learning for learnings sake. G)This relates to another cause of cheating, in Langs view: high-stakes testing. According to Lang, “The more pressure you load onto an exam or as
27、sessment of any kind, the more you are likely to have students who respond to that pressure with academically dishonest measures. “ We all yearn to be seen as competent and smart, but when the consequences of one assessment can mean the difference between graduation and flipping burgers at minimum w
28、age, the temptation to cheat can overwhelm the better angels of our otherwise morally stalwart(忠诚的 )nature. H)Another factor that affects cheating is self-efficacy(自我效能 ) as Lang puts it, when students have “a belief in their ability to succeed.“ Lang reports that students with low self-efficacy “ a
29、re more likely to resort to cheating.“ This is where a teachers attitude and approach to education really becomes a vital part of a students success. Kids need to feel that someone anyone believes in them, even when they dont believe in themselves. Self-efficacy, according to Lang, means “students h
30、ave to believe that they have the skills or knowledge necessary to succeed on the task“ and “they have to believe that when they sit down to complete that task, they will be able to do so.“ Ive taught students who drove me up the wall with their lack of effort and casual disregard for learning, only
31、 to figure out that they were waiting for me to prove that I had faith in their potential. I)Even in the toughest cases, teachers need to find opportunities to praise students efforts. One such student, who had stubbornly refused to do any work in my class, morphed(改变 )into a career favorite when he
32、 handed me just such an opportunity in the form of a thoughtful essay. and from that moment on, our relationship shifted from one of mutual frustration to mutual respect. J)In order to earn our place at the front of a cheating-free classroom, educators are going to have to own our share of the blame
33、 for the atmosphere of high-stakes testing and extrinsic(外在的 )rewards that weve created. Cheating is not solely the fault of our students or the declining ethical standards of the millennial generation(千禧一代 ), but a product of our testing-oriented and performance-obsessed culture. The American educa
34、tional system should focus on the handing down of knowledge and skills rather than test preparation and administration. The same conditions that encourage cheating discourage our students mastery of content and skills. And while we waste our time attempting to catch cheaters in the act of deception,
35、 we are distracted from our higher goal: catching students in the act of learning. 21 The author always thinks twice before she decides to confront a student about suspicions of cheating. 22 When a student who had often refused to do any work handed the author a thoughtful essay, he earned her respe
36、ct and became keen on studying. 23 Whether students and researchers have the same understanding of the definition of cheating is a big obstacle in collecting statistics about students cheating. 24 Many parents will insist that their children are innocent when they are accused of cheating. 25 Teacher
37、s are also to blame for academic dishonesty because they have created an atmosphere of high-stakes testing and extrinsic rewards. 26 There is a higher possibility of cheating for performance-oriented students when they pay more attention to their grade point average. 27 When a student feels under gr
38、eat pressure of exams, he tends to respond with academic dishonesty. 28 Through looking into the research on cheating, Lang wanted to find ways to fight it back in his classes. 29 A teachers attitude and approach to education is very important especially when it comes to students self-efficacy. 30 I
39、n a study where cheating was pre-defined, three quarters of students admitted to cheating behaviors in their college life. 大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 111答案与解析 Section A 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 1 【正确答案】 N 【试题解析】 动词辨析题。分析句子结构可知， that从句 缺谓语，空格处应为动词的第三人称单数形式作定语从句的谓语。根据空格后的单词 inflammation(炎症 )以及阿司匹林的例子，结合上一句中所说消炎药可能起到治癌防癌的作
40、用，可以推断出 suppresses“抑制 “符合句意，故为答案。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 2 【正确答案】 O 【试题解析】 名词辨析题。分析句子结构可知，此处应填入名词与 this构成名词短语。根据此句前半部分可以得知，白血球首先对此产生反应，后半部分提到，白血球会自动导引到伤口消灭过敏源，清除伤口污物。结合本段首句提到的过氧化 氢这一物质和选项来看， trigger“诱因 ”符合题意故为答案。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 3 【正确答案】 E 【试题解析】 形容词辨析题。分析句子结构可知，空格处需要填入形容词或分词作名词 tissue的定语。原文指出，白血球首先产生反应，自动导引到伤口消灭过
41、敏源，清除伤口污物，并重新修复 组织，结合所给选项，可以推断出 damaged“受损伤的 “符合题意。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 4 【正确答案】 G 【试题解析】 副词辨析题。分析句子结构可知，该句主要成分完整，此处应填 入副词作状语。根据句意可知， Hurlstone和他的同事们 改变了斑马鱼，而下句提到，为使一些斑马鱼产生癌变的表皮细胞，也对它们的基因结构作了改变，可推测空格处和基因有关， genetically“从基因方面 ”符合句意，故为答案。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 5 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 名词辨析题。空格前有谓语 show和形容词 different，空格处应填入名词作
42、宾语。该句指出，在紫外线的照射下表皮细胞和白血球会呈现不同的 ，结合选项中的名词， hue和 colors比较符合，但是 hue表 示 “色度 ”，而且是单数形式，不符合句意和语法，所以应填入 colors“颜色，色彩 ”。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 6 【正确答案】 M 【试题解析】 动词辨析题。分析句子结构可知，空格所在句由两部分组成，前一部分为完整的句子所以后一部分应为修饰性或补充说明性成分，由空格后的名词可知此处应为动词的分词形式。结合选项和前面指出的癌细胞也可以产生过氧化氢可知 summoning“召唤，叫来 ”符合题意故为答案。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 7 【正确答案】 B 【试题解
43、析】 动词辨析题。分 析句子结构可知，空格所在从句缺少谓语，时态为一般过去时，应填入动词的过去式。上句指出，过氧化氢会吸引为癌细胞提供生长机会的白血球，后半句指出，白血球不再受到癌细胞吸引且癌细胞菌落减少，由此可推断，此处应该是抑制过氧化氢的产生。所以应填入 blocked“阻止 “。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 8 【正确答案】 J 【试题解析】 名词辨析题。空格前为介词 in，此处应填入名词。此处意为，癌细胞菌落 减少，结合选项， in number“在数量上 “符合句意，所以应填入number“数目 “。 【知识模 块】 篇章词汇 9 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 形容词辨析题。分析句子结
44、构可知，此处是形容词短语作后置定语修饰前面的名词，且可与其后的介词 to搭配。结合选项中所给的形容词及句意可以推知， adjacent to搭配表示 “临近的 ”，整个名词短语表示 “临近癌变表皮细胞的正常表皮细胞 ”，所以应填入 adjacent“毗连的，邻近的 ”。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 10 【正确答案】 K 【试题解析】 副词辨析题。分析句子结构可知，该从句主要成分完整，此处应填入副词作状语。结合选项可知， somehow“不知怎么地；用某种方法 “符合句意，表示研究人员也不清楚原因，故为答案。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 11 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 动
45、词辨析题。分析句子结构可知，空格处或填入形容词作 was的表语，或填入动词的过去分词与 was构成被动语态。上句指出出， Hans Sloane爵士希望将自己的收藏品向公众开放。所以，为了遵从他的遗愿，一众受托人 筹划这座博物馆。结合选项可知， assembled“集合 “符合句意，故为正确答案。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 12 【正确答案】 J 【试题解析】 名词辨析题。分析句子结构可知， bought with 是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 mansion， with介宾短语表示方式，此处应填入名词作 with的宾语，而其又被 raised by 修饰。分析句意可知，该建筑是通过公共彩票筹集
46、而来的 购买的，结合选项可知， money“钱 “符合句意，故为答案。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 13 【正确答案】 G 【试题解析】 形容词辨析题。分析句子结构可知，空格处应为形容词作定语修饰doubts。本句意为， (博 物馆创建者 )怀疑佣人和低等阶层的人的出现会让一些参观者觉得不舒服。结合选项可知， grave“严重的 ”修饰 doubts符合句意，故为答案。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 14 【正确答案】 H 【试题解析】 形容词辨析题。分析句意可知，佣人和低等阶层的人的出现可能会让来自 社会阶层的参观者觉得不舒服。 lower classes“低等阶层 ”和 up the social
47、ladder形成鲜明的对比，故空格处应为 lower的反义词。结合选项可知，higher“更高的 ”符合句意，故为答案。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 15 【正确答案】 N 【试题解析】 固定搭配题。分析句子结构可知，空格处应为副词修饰动词showed。备选项中只有 round和 show搭配表示 “带领 四处参观 ”，所以应填入round“到处 ”。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 16 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 副词辨析题。分析句子结构可知，空格处应为副词修饰动词短语walk through。考虑到藏品的安全，参观者必须在博物馆工作人员的带领下游览。因此参观者不能一个人在房间内走动，所以应填入
48、alone“独自地 “。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 17 【正确答案】 M 【试题解析】 动词辨析题。分析句子结构可知，该句缺少谓语动词。从句意上考虑，这里指参观者的人数到达了一个数量。备选项中只有 ran一词可以与 to搭配表示 “达到，处于 ”，所以应填入 ran。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 18 【正确答案】 I 【试题解析】 名词辨析题。分析句子结构可知，空格前为形容词，所以空格处应为名词，和其他名词并列。根据句意可知，在博物馆馆藏的珍品中，有文物、雕像、货币等物件，所以空格处也应具有 “物品，物件 ”之 意。备选项中， belongings表示 “所有物，财物 ”，强调个人所有，故排除。
49、 items表示 “物品 ”，符合题意，所以应填入 items。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 19 【正确答案】 E 【试题解析】 动词辨析题。分析句子结构可知，空格处缺少及物动词作谓语。上句指出，博物馆参观人数众多，都是为了目睹稀世珍宝的风采。而本句则由particularly强调木乃伊的地位，可推断应该令参观者心生向往。结合备选项可知， fascinated“使着迷 “符合题意，故为答案。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 20 【正确答案】 F 【试题解析】 名词辨析题。分析句子结构可知，空格处应与 Purchases词性一致，并列作主语，因此应填入名词。本句由两个并列句构成，根据句意可知，博物馆之所以运转良好就是因为这里的藏品迅速增加。藏品迅速增加的渠道有两条：一条是购买，另一条是 。备选项中只有 gifts“赠品，礼物 ”符合题意，故为答案。 【知识模块】 篇章词汇 Section B 【知识模块】 长篇阅读 21 【正确答案】 C 【试题
