1、大学英语四级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷 181及答案与解析 Section A 0 Many people wonder why some men want to live on the moon. It is【 C1】_not the kind of place where most men would choose to live. But man has always moved to new areas. Some scientists hope that continued work will be done on the moon. Many experiments will be
2、done there more【 C2】 _. Some large【 C3】 _are very easy to do in a place without air. Matter can be heated to very high temperatures without【 C4】 _change when it is in such a place. Air, dust, and clouds cannot【 C5】_mans view of space from the moon. The very high or very low temperatures and low grav
3、ity on the moon will be used for many experiments. One very important use of the moon will be to【 C6】 _spaceship. Man might be able to learn much about his own body by living on the moon. He would be living in a habitat that he made for himself. Man would be in control of the【 C7】_of life in which h
4、e lives.【 C8】 _could be removed from the air in this community. Gravity is the one thing that would not be under mans control. Some scientists believe the low gravity of the moon would be【 C9】 _for man. The heart would not have to work so hard. The body would need less energy to move than it does on
5、 the earth. However, the human body might change during long stays on the moon. Much exercise would probably be needed to keep the body in good【 C10】 _. A. community B. condition C. launch D. insight E. chemical F. mysterious G. experiments H. probably I. healthful J. easily K. extend L. render M. p
6、romptly N. block O. bacteria 1 【 C1】 2 【 C2】 3 【 C3】 4 【 C4】 5 【 C5】 6 【 C6】 7 【 C7】 8 【 C8】 9 【 C9】 10 【 C10】 Section B 10 Which Attributes of a Food Product Are Most Important to Consumers? A)The Australian state of Victoria is investing in a program to identify new opportunities for its food and
7、agriculture industries. As part of this initiative the government conducted extensive research to identify which attributes of a food product are most important to consumers. As income levels rise and education levels improve, consumers around the world are becoming interested in more than just the
8、price and quality of the food they eat. Indeed, some consumers are now willing to pay extra money for food with a special nutritional or health benefit. In addition, some consumers are also choosing food based on how it was produced, including the environmental and ethical impact of production. Vict
9、orias Department of Primary Industries designed and researched a report that analyzes preferences for food products with “trust“ attributes, specifically food safety, clean food, green food, animal welfare and ethical food production. The report also determines the relative importance of the five no
10、minated “trust“ attributes and evaluates their importance in relation to non-trust attributes, such as price and quality. B)“Consumers are becoming increasingly insightful when making purchasing decisions, and Victorias ability to demonstrate the trustworthiness of food products will be vital to mai
11、ntain consumer confidence in priority export markets,“ the report says. Between February and June 2004, the DPI interviewed 280 food industry shareholders, including retailers, wholesalers, foodservice managers, importers, distributors, and representatives of government, industry bodies and nongover
12、nment organizations, in 21 of Victorias major food markets, including France, Japan, the UK and the US. C)The research found, perhaps unsurprisingly, that price, quality and food safety were the most important factors for consumers, with each factor ranked as the most important by 18-22% of responde
13、nts. In fourth place, 8% of respondents felt taste flavor was the most important attribute of a food product for consumers, while 6% thought freshness was most important, and 3% thought the appearance packaging was most important. Health nutrition, brand image, and clean chemical free were each cons
14、idered most important by just 1-2% of interviewees. D)Of the five specified “trust“ factors food safety, clean food, green food, animal welfare and ethical food production food safety was ranked as being of high or very high importance to their organization by 95% of respondents. It is not just cons
15、umers that food safety is important to, as one Japanese wholesaler observed “It has taken a long time to build our reputation for reliability with our customers and just one accident would cause us to lose everything, especially if consumers are harmed.“ E)Clean food was ranked second in importance
16、among the specified trust factors, with 90% of respondents rating clean food as being of high or very high importance to their organization. However, just 63% of respondents said clean food was of high or very high importance to consumers. The survey also found that there was regional variation in t
17、he definition of clean food some respondents thought it should include Halal production methods, while others thought clean food should also be free of genetically modified organisms(GMOs). F)Ethics was ranked fairly high in importance to organizations, but was considered less important to consumers
18、. While 82% of respondents rated ethics as being of high or very high importance to their organization, just 31% considered ethics to be of high or very high importance to consumers. Another finding was that ethics included many of the other trust factors, as a German government representative point
19、ed out “This issue covers a little of everything. It depends on the producer and on the way people, animals and the environment are treated. It depends on personal values.“ The researchers found that the importance of ethics varied according to what aspect was mentioned. The proving of claims made o
20、n product labels was considered to be of higher importance than issues such as workers rights, corporate responsibility and local sourcing, because it is an issue that has impact on the consumer directly. G)Green food was ranked relatively low in importance, with just 50% of respondents rating it as
21、 being of high or very high importance to their organization, and just 19% rating it as being of high or very high importance to consumers. Many respondents cited low consumer awareness and lack of consumer interest, and some said they believed consumers were unwilling to pay a higher price for gree
22、n food products, reflecting the overall finding that higher importance is attached to factors that has impact directly on consumers. H)“Consumers claim to want the choice, but the category has been disappointing, leading to over-supply and price pressures for high cost producers. Price always seems
23、to focus the Dutch minds,“ said one global retailer based in the Netherlands. There was also some variation in opinions about what exactly constitutes green food, with several respondents seeing it as synonymous with organic production. Of issues associated with green food, organic production was se
24、en as the most important to consumers, while impact on the environment, ecosystem health, bio-diversity and environmental management practices were rated relatively low in importance. I)Animal welfare was another low-rated trust factor, with 43% of respondents rating it as being of high or very high
25、 importance to organizations, and just 15% considering it to be of high or very high importance to consumers. Again, respondents pointed to low consumer awareness, lack of consumer interest and an unwillingness to pay an extra cost for “animal friendly“ products. Many respondents also said there was
26、 a gap between what consumers say and what they do when it comes to purchasing behavior related to animal welfare issues. “This is a complex issue it is of low importance to consumers in terms of translation into action, but high in terms of a discussion topic. A gap exists between theory and practi
27、ce,“ said a representative of a non-government organization in India. J)However, the importance of animal welfare could be raised if there was a direct impact that can be seen on the consumer, for example where handling or feeding administrations affect product quality or food safety, as an airline
28、catering supplier in Singapore illustrated “Animal welfare is important only in that it contributes to the quality of the product. The way the animal is treated and fed is crucial to the quality of the end product.“ K)Overall, respondents identified that consumers are more concerned about factors th
29、at affect them directly, such as food safety. Although consumers are considered to be generally less concerned about issues such as animal welfare and environmental management practices, these issues are not insignificant as they assume much greater importance when they have the potential to affect
30、food quality or when public concern is heightened by specific interest groups or media reports. According to Bob Cameron, Victorias minister for agriculture, the governments aim in carrying out such research was to develop new approaches to improve Victorias access to international markets. It will
31、be interesting to see how this information is used, and how it influences future product development. 11 Concerning the definition of clean food, the survey found it was varied among different regions. 12 As it was indicated by the respondents, green food was ranked relatively low in importance beca
32、use of low consumer awareness and lack of consumer interests. 13 Of issues associated with green food, consumers took organic production as the most important. 14 The Australian state of Victoria is putting money in a program for the purpose of finding out new opportunities for its food and agricult
33、ure industries. 15 Animal welfare was a low-rated trust factor partly because consumers were reluctant to pay extra money for “animal friendly“ products. 16 Among all the ethical issues of food, the proving of claims on product labels was considered to be of higher importance than other issues such
34、as workers rights. 17 Not only the consumers but wholesalers and organizations considered food safety as the most important to them. 18 When there was a direct impact that can be seen on the consumer, the importance of animal welfare be raised. 19 According to the DPIs research, price, quality and f
35、ood safety were the most important factors for consumers. 20 Now some consumers are willing to pay extra money for food with a special nutritional or health benefit. Section C 20 On average, American kids ages 3 to 12 spent 29 hours a week in school, eight hours more than they did in 1981. They also
36、 did more household work and participated in more of such organized activities as soccer and ballet(芭蕾舞 ). Involvement in sports, in particular, rose almost 50% from 1981 to 1997: boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports; girls log half that time. All in all, however, childrens
37、leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to 25% “Children are affected by the same time crunch(危机 )that affects their parents,“ says Sandra Hofferth, who headed the recent study of childrens timetable. A chief reason, she says, is that more mothers are working outside the home.(Nevertheless,
38、 children in both double-income and “male breadwinner“ households spent comparable amounts of time interacting with their parents, 19 hours and 22 hours respectively. In contrast, children spent only 9 hours with their single mothers.) All work and no play could make for some very messed-up kids. “P
39、lay is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself,“ says T. Berry Brazelton, professor at Harvard Medical School. Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers, but kids ages 3 to 12 spent only
40、12 hours a week engaged in it. The children sampled spent a quarter of their rapidly decreasing “free time“ watching television. But that, believe it or not, was one of the findings parents might regard as good news. If theyre spending less time in front of the TV set, however, kids arent replacing
41、it with reading. Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books, the children spent just over an hour a week reading. Lets face it, whos got the time? 21 By mentioning “the same time crunch“(Line 1, Para. 2)Sandra Hofferth means _. （ A） children have little time to play with their parents （ B）
42、 children are not taken good care of by their working parents （ C） both parents and children suffer from lack of leisure time （ D） both parents and children have trouble managing their time 22 According to the author, the reason given by Sandra Hofferth for the time crunch is _. （ A） quite convincin
43、g （ B） partially true （ C） totally groundless （ D） rather confusing 23 According to the author a child develops better if_. （ A） he has plenty of time reading and studying （ B） he is left to play with his peers in his own way （ C） he has more time participating in school activities （ D） he is free t
44、o interact with his working parents 24 The author is concerned about the fact that American kids _. （ A） are engaged in more and more structured activities （ B） are increasingly neglected by their working mothers （ C） are spending more and more time watching TV （ D） are involved less and less in hou
45、sehold work 25 We can infer from the passage that _. （ A） extracurricular activities promote childrens intelligence （ B） most children will turn to reading with TV sets switched off （ C） efforts to get kids interested in reading have been fruitful （ D） most parents believe reading to be beneficial t
46、o children 25 Japan is getting tough about recycling and not in the paper and plastic kind of way. Recently, the country requires that all electronic goods TVs, VCRs, stereos, and more be recycled. But recycling will not be left to consumers, instead, the devices will be sent to the original manufac
47、turer for proper disposal. The new law poses a few challenges to manufacturers who are now rushing to set up collection networks and perfecting techniques to disassemble and recycle older products. With an eye toward the future, they are also integrating easily recycled materials into new products.
48、Plastics, a major component of most electronic products, pose a particular obstacle because their quality becomes worse and worse with age, losing strength and flexibility even if reprocessed. NEC Corp. overcomes this problem by creating a plastics sandwich, in which the filling is 100 percent recyc
49、led plastic and the outer layers a mixture of 14 percent recycled material. The resulting plastic has sufficient strength and toughness for use as a case for desktop PCs. The company, in cooperation with plastic maker Sumitomo Dow, has also developed a new plastic, which engineers claim retains its mechanical properties through repeated recycling. NEC uses the plastic, which is also flame-retardant(阻燃的 )in battery cases for notebook PCs. Meanwhile, Matsushita Electric, maker of the Panasonic
