1、大学英语四级（ 2013年 12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷 228及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing 1 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay about the importance of a harmonious dormitory life. You should state the reasons and write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. Section A （ A） Automaker.
2、 （ B） Icemaker. （ C） Wholesaler. （ D） Bread maker. （ A） Half a million. （ B） Half a billion. （ C） A million. （ D） A billion. （ A） He will make laws. （ B） He will tighten gun control. （ C） He will punish those shooters harshly. （ D） He will forbid people holding guns. （ A） Santa Barbara. （ B） Fort Br
3、agg. （ C） San Francisco. （ D） New York. （ A） At Christmass Eve. （ B） At the beginning of December. （ C） During New Year celebrations. （ D） At the middle of November. （ A） About 18. （ B） About 80. （ C） About 19. （ D） About 90. （ A） Many. （ B） Too few. （ C） None. （ D） Not clear. Section B （ A） Running
4、. （ B） Jogging. （ C） Yoga. （ D） Swimming. （ A） For a chore. （ B） For staying fit. （ C） For losing weight. （ D） For mental health. （ A） Only the woman. （ B） Only the man. （ C） Both the man and the woman. （ D） Neither the man nor the woman. （ A） Friends. （ B） Couples. （ C） Father and daughter. （ D） Bo
5、ss and employee. （ A） Oregon. （ B） Alabama. （ C） California. （ D） Ohio. （ A） She does the recycle. （ B） She separates the trash. （ C） She bought a hybrid car. （ D） She uses electronic and gas for her car. （ A） It basically gets worse gas mileage. （ B） It needs to be charged at night. （ C） It only ch
6、arges the battery. （ D） Its half gasoline, half-just electric energy from the battery. （ A） Global warming. （ B） Environmentally conscious. （ C） Physical health. （ D） A hybrid car. Section C （ A） More and more Chinese students choose to study in the US. （ B） All the oversea students in the US are Ch
7、inese. （ C） Most of the oversea students are forced to study in the US by the fierce competition. （ D） China has a bigger influence on the US. （ A） China. （ B） India. （ C） Japan. （ D） Mexico. （ A） To escape the gaokao. （ B） To get prepared for US colleges. （ C） To get a better education. （ D） To fin
8、d a decent job in the future. （ A） He was looked down upon by Huang Yang. （ B） He was murdered by his roommate. （ C） He is a postgraduate student in Fudan University. （ D） He was lived in a single-parent family. （ A） 2011. （ B） 2012. （ C） 2013. （ D） 2014. （ A） Life imprisonment. （ B） Freedom from ch
9、arge. （ C） Death penalty. （ D） Ten years in prison. （ A） Eat with a fork. （ B） Eat with a fork and a spoon. （ C） Eat with a spoon. （ D） Eat with a fork or a spoon. （ A） Their feelings of discomfort and failures are enhanced. （ B） Their feelings of comfort and successes are enhanced. （ C） Their feeli
10、ngs of discomfort and flavor are enhanced. （ D） Their feelings of comfort and taste are enhanced. （ A） It helps people to judge themselves and their behaviors in a same way that they judge others. （ B） It enables people to view themselves objectively. （ C） It induces a discomfort and lowers the perc
11、eived taste of unhealthy food. （ D） It makes people have a bad view on others. （ A） Behind the door. （ B） In the restroom. （ C） In the bedroom. （ D） In the dining room and other eating spaces. Section A 26 With the worlds population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2050, researchers, bu
12、sinesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure (基础设施 ) and jobs. Underlying all this【 C1】 _ will be the demand for energy, which is expected to double over the next 40 years. Finding the resources to meet this
13、demand in a【 C2】 _ and sustainable way is the cornerstone (基石 ) of our nations energy security, and will be one of the major【 C3】 _ of the 21st century. Alternative forms of energy-bio-fuels, wind and solar, to name a few are【 C4】 _ being funded and developed, and will play a growing【 C5】 _ in the w
14、orlds energy supply. But experts say that even when【 C6】_ , alternative energy sources will likely meet only about 30% of the worlds energy needs by 2050. For example, even with【 C7】 _ investments, such as the $ 93 million for wind energy development【 C8】 _ in the American Recovery and Reinvestment
15、Act, important alternative energy sources such as wind and bio-fuels【 C9】 _ only about 1% of the market today. Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of【 C10】 _ both traditional and alternative. A) stable I) exactly B) solutions J) con
16、sist C) significant K) comprise D) role L) competitions E) progress M) combined F) marvelous N) challenges G) included O) certainly H) growth 27 【 C1】 28 【 C2】 29 【 C3】 30 【 C4】 31 【 C5】 32 【 C6】 33 【 C7】 34 【 C8】 35 【 C9】 36 【 C10】 Section B 36 Hate Your Job? Heres How to Reshape It A Once upon a t
17、ime, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so it is more fruitful than futile. B We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities, “says Amy Wrze
18、sniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. “But what if you set aside that mind-set?“ If you could adjust what you do, she says, “who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with?“ C To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski
19、and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. Theyre working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs even mundane (平凡的 ) ones more meaningful by emp
20、owering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments. Step 1: Rethink Your Job Creatively D “ The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do,“ says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the f
21、irst step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation (分配 ). E Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burts Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in
22、process engineering, though that wasnt part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firms manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, an
23、d now process engineering is part of the scope of his work. F Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says its crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. “Doing so,“ she says, “will help you disco
24、ver which aspects of your work are most life-giving and most life-draining.“ G Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例 ). Berg, a Ph. D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we
25、do. “Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room,“ he says. “Small changes can have a real impact on life at work.“ Step 2: Diagram Your Day H To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The fir
26、st objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your “strengths, motives and passions“ into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an “a
27、fter“ diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes. I Ina Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. “Before, I would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I
28、 never had time to address the real important issues.“ As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包 ) more of her administrative responsibilities. J In contrast to business books that counsel managers to influence workers through incentives, job-c
29、rafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position. Its crucial to make the most of the job youve got. Step 3: Id
30、entify Job Loves and Hates K By reorienting (使适应 ) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service.
31、 By spending more time instructing colleagues and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position. L Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigans Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers ben
32、efit from the job-crafting process. “They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently.“ M “They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized,“ says Dutton, who par
33、tnered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research. Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action N To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-on-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk
34、 about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work. O Job-crafting isnt about revenue, but juicing up (活跃 ) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more w
35、orkers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% arent happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting wont rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does
36、 offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you cant ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable. 37 A long time ago when a person hated his/her job, he/she will resign or bear it. 38 Amy Wrzesniewski think job could be adjusted. 39 Your first thing to do in the job-crafting process is
37、 to think about your job wholly. 40 The idea of a maintenance technician at Burts Bees turned out to be helpful and energy-efficient. 41 Bergs suggestion about work is to rethink and make small changes. 42 According to Ina Lockau-Vogel, the benefit from job-crafting is that it helps her set prioriti
38、es properly. 43 According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the situation in job market is it is difficult to find a job. 44 Dutton has seen that local auto-industry workers profit from the job-crafting process. 45 According to Berg, if the job-crafting process is successful, the supervisors are wi
39、lling to let employees adjust what to do. 46 If you cant quit your job, using job-crafting may at least offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. Section C 46 They say that sticks and stones may break your bones, but words will never hurt you. Yet childhood bullying really can damage your long-te
40、rm health. Gone are the days when bullying was considered an inevitable and ultimately harmless part of growing up just last month we learned that childhood bullying can lead to poorer mental health even into middle age. Now William Copeland at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, and his coll
41、eagues have shown that it can have lingering physiological effects too. They tracked 1,420 9-year-old right through their teens. Each child was seen up to nine times during the study and quizzed about bullying. The team then measured levels of C-reactive protein in their blood. CRP is a marker of in
42、flammation (炎症 ) linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease (心血管疾病 ) and problems like diabetes. “Because we were collecting biological samples throughout, we were able to look at CRP levels in subjects prior to their bullying involvement,“ says Copeland. “This really gives us an idea of the ch
43、anges bullying brings about.“ Although CRP levels naturally rise in everyone during adolescence, levels were highest in children who reported being tormented by bullies. Even at the ages of 19 and 21, children who had once been bullied had CRP levels about 1. 4 times higher than peers who were neith
44、er perpetrators nor victims. In a cruel twist, the bullies had the lowest levels of all, suggesting they didnt suffer the same health risks. They may even see a benefit from their behavior, though Copeland stresses it doesnt vindicate (辩护 ) their actions. “The goal would instead be to find other way
45、s to produce this protective effect without it being at someone elses expense,“ he says. Andrea Danese at Kings College London has previously shown that maltreatment during childhood can lead to high levels of inflammation in adult life. “This new study is a helpful addition in showing that these ef
46、fects extend to another important childhood stressor,“ he says. He suggests that care workers could monitor levels of CRP in children having psychotherapy to see if it is helping to soothe the stress of being bullied. 47 What do you know about CRP? （ A） It is a symbol of the inflammation. （ B） It is
47、 a symbol of cardiovascular disease. （ C） It relates directly to diabetes. （ D） It is a symbol of physiological effects caused by bullying. 48 What does Copeland mean by saying “prior to their bullying involvement“ (Para. 4) ? （ A） Before the children bullied others. （ B） Before the children were bu
48、llied. （ C） In preference to the childrens bullying behavior. （ D） In preference to the childrens being bullied. 49 What can be learned from Paragraph 5? （ A） The levels of CRP of the children being bullied are much higher than their peers. （ B） CRP levels naturally rise along with the increase of a
49、ge. （ C） The bullies are not blamed for the health risks of the bullied. （ D） Copeland intends to defend the benefit of the bullies actions. 50 What does Andrea Danese suggest about childhood maltreatment? （ A） It has nothing to do with inflammation in adult life. （ B） Copelands study shows nothing related to it. （ C） CRP is the marker of childhood abuse. （ D） It has an influence on childrens CRP levels. 51 What is the main idea of this passage? （ A） Bullying is ha
