1、大学英语四级（阅读）练习试卷 2及答案与解析 一、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-7, mark： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the infor
2、mation given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 0 Types of Climate Climate is the combination of temperature, moisture, wind, and sunshine at a place over a period of many ye
3、ars. Weather is made up of atmospheric conditions during a few hours or days. The weather may be rainy on a certain day. But that place may usually have a warm, dry, sunny climate. We learn about the climate of a place by studying its temperature, moisture, wind, and sunshine from season to season a
4、nd year to year. Temperature and the amount of rainfall are the two most important elements of climate. Others are humidity (air moisture), cloudiness, fog, sunshine, wind, storms, and air pressure. There are many different types of climate on earth. Climates of the world can be classified according
5、 to their latitudes and the plants that grow there. Different kinds of plants need different amounts of heat and moisture for growth. The vegetation of a region tells us about temperature and rainfall conditions over a long period of time. Tropical Climates Tropical climates are found in regions bet
6、ween 35N and 35S latitude. In the tropical rain forest (nearest the equator) conditions are warm and rainy all year long, and there is a thick cover of trees. Places farther north and south of the equator have a tropical wet-and-dry climate. There the forests are not so dense, and many trees lose th
7、eir leaves in the dry season. Along 23.5N and 23.5S latitude there are vast regions of tropical desert climate, where very little vegetation can grow. Subtropical Climates Subtropical climates are usually found between 30 and 40 North and South latitudes. The subtropical western coasts of the contin
8、ents have a Mediterranean climate. Summers are hot and dry; winters are mild and wet. On the subtropical eastern coasts of continents the climate is humid subtropical. Summers are hot, and winters are mild. There is enough rainfall in all seasons for forests. Mid-latitude Climate Mid-latitude climat
9、es occur between 40 and 60 NS latitudes. Strong westerly winds blow in the mid-latitudes. The climate of the west coast of North America is mild and rainy most of the year. It helps the growth of fine timber forests. Some places in the mid-latitudes do not receive moisture because of mountain barrie
10、rs or their great distances from the oceans. Humid continental climates cover large mid-latitude area in eastern parts of the continents. They are forest climates with cold winters and warm summers. Most of the rainfall comes in the summer. High-latitude Climates High-latitude climates occur from 60
11、 to the poles, North and South. In the high latitudes it is very cold in winter and cool in summer. The short summers are warm enough for forests of evergreen trees. Greenland and Antarctica have a polar climate, where great ice caps exist because of year-round freezing. High-altitude Climates Highl
12、and climates are cooler than the surrounding lowlands because of the effects of altitude. Highland climates are found on the high mountains of the world, even on the equator. In the tropics and mid-latitudes different kinds of vegetation grow in zones up the slopes of mountains to the permanent snow
13、fields. The Causes of Different Climates The differences in the climate from place to place are caused by climate controls. The major climate controls are latitude, altitude, land and water bodies, ocean currents, and storm centers. Latitudes make climates colder toward the north and south poles (hi
14、gh latitudes) than at the tropics near the equator (low altitudes). Low-latitude regions remain warm throughout the year. At higher latitudes there are greater differences between winter and summer temperatures. Altitude affects climate by lowering temperatures as the height above sea level increase
15、s. At high altitudes the air is less dense and does not absorb and hold as much heat. On the average, the temperature drops about 2 degrees Celsius for each 300 meters of altitude (about 3.5 degrees Fahrenheit for each 1,000 feet). Thus snow can remain on mountainlike Fujiyama when nearby lowlands a
16、re warm. Land and water bodies influence climate. Land warms up rapidly in summer and cools off rapidly in winter. But large bodies of water change temperature slowly, with the seasons. Mid-continental places in middle and high latitudes have a continental climate. Summers are warm and winter cold.
17、Island and seacoasts usually have milder winters and cooler summers because of the water surfaces nearby. Ocean currents affect climate in many parts of the world. Some currents carry warm water to cool regions; others carry cool water to warm regions. The Labrador Current is cold. The Gulf Stream i
18、s a warm ocean current. It carries warm water from the tropical Atlantic toward the coasts of northwestern Europe. As a result, winters in the British Isles and in Westam Europe are warmer than other regions in the same latitudes. Winds carry heat and moisture and therefore affect climate. Winds tha
19、t come from lands in high latitudes are cold and dry. Some winds change direction with the seasons. In southern Asia winds called monsoons are dry and cool in the winter, when they blow from the land. In the summer they blow from the ocean and produce heavy rainfall. Climate and the Water Cycle Wate
20、r enters the atmosphere by evaporation from land and water surfaces. Winds carry water vapor and clouds to other areas. There the moisture is returned to the earth in the form of rain or snow. Much of the water falls on land and runs off to the sea in rivers. But some moisture enters soil. It helps
21、growing plants or builds up the groundwater supply. The constant movement of water from land to sea to air and back again is called the water cycle. The amount of water available for farming, industry, and many other uses differs from one climate to another. People try to overcome these differences
22、by using water resources wisely. The water cycle can be controlled in part for a short time by storing water in reservoirs, irrigating land, draining wetlands, or pumping water from wells. Climate and People Climate influences peoples comfort, well-being, and activities in many ways. Most people do
23、not work as well in a hot, moist climate as in a cooler, drier climate. Extremely high or low temperatures are uncomfortable. Certain diseases are more common in some climates than in others. It is difficult to determine what is the best or ideal climate for human beings. People differ in their reac
24、tions to climate because of their individual characteristics and attitudes. The amount and kind of clothing people wear is determined partly by climate. Clothing for cold climates gives protection against wind and cold. Less clothing is needed in warm climates. There are many types of special clothi
25、ng for wind, cold, sun, rain, and snow. People build houses mainly for shelter from the climatic elements. Carefully planned houses take advantage of sunlight, wind direction, and other factors to obtain a maximum of comfort as well as protection. The amount of heating or air-conditioning needed in
26、a building depends upon the construction of the building as well as the outside climate. Many modem inventions have made it possible for people to live comfortably in any kind of climate. Climate affects the food supply by setting limits for profitable production of crops and animals. Climate influe
27、nces cattle raising and forestry because it determines where grasslands and forests will grow. Winds, clouds, and storms have to be considered in travel by land, sea, or air and even in the launching of satellite. Most industries take special attention to protect their products against weather and c
28、limate during manufacture, storage, and shipment. 1 Climate is the combination of temperature, moisture, wind and sunshine at a place over a certain period of a year. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 2 Weather refers to atmospheric conditions during a few hours or days. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 3 There are dense
29、forests all over the tropical regions. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 4 Mediterranean climate is characterized by its hot summers and mild winters. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 5 Highland climates could be found all over the world except on the equator. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 6 Nowadays people are working on designs
30、 of new buildings that are climate- friendly. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 7 The water cycle refers to the constant movement of water from land to sea to air and back again. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 8 Besides temperature and the amount of rainfall, elements such as and air pressure are also very important in
31、the making of climate. 9 Greenland and Antarctica have a polar climate, where exist because of year-round freezing. 10 Through _ for profitable production of crops and animals, climate can also affect the food supply. 10 The Interaction of Body and Mind The concept of psychosomatic illness Psycho, r
32、efers to mind, and soma, to body. Psychosomatic illness is the occurrence of bodily symptoms(症状 ) which are psychological or emotional in origin. Mind and body are not separate; one affects and is affected by the other. Who has not experienced some physical manifestation of emotional stress? Such ex
33、periences as a headache after a quarrel and urinary frequency or diarrhea before an examination are not uncommon, and for most people they are of a temporary nature. The symptoms disappear and are forgotten after the crisis has passed. No treatment may be needed, or the patient may use simple remedi
34、es to relieve the discomfort. One person may find that a leisurely walk is the best cure for a headache; another may take aspirin. Certain conditions have been considered classic examples of psychosomatic illness: pepticulcer, eczema, colitis, and asthma. Personality profiles have been developed to
35、describe the typical characteristics of persons who develop such illness. Another point of view is that human beings are more complex and varied in their responses than such profiles would indicate, and that the type of illness a patient develops in relation to stress varies with many additional fac
36、tors, such as heredity and environment. Much remains to be learned about the relationship between stress and physical illness. Physical symptoms, such as palpitation, sweating, or disturbance of sleep, which reflect anxiety, may occur over a prolonged period. The symptoms may seem mysterious and thr
37、eatening, because the patient is unaware of their cause. The patient whose heart beats more rapidly and forcefully as a manifestation of anxiety may report this symptom to his doctor, believing that something is wrong with his heart. Often the patient is not aware that he is anxious. He knows only t
38、hat his heart keeps pounding for no apparent reason. Almost any symptom can have its origin in emotional stress. Some patients almost invariably have the same stress when they become anxious. One may have diarrhea, another asthma, and a third may develop hives or eczema. Some people develop two or s
39、everal different symptoms; often the symptoms are experienced in an alternating fashion. The development of bodily symptoms is only one manifestation of anxiety. It may show up also symptoms that are primarily mental, such as the inability to concentrate or to remember. Such symptom too, vary in deg
40、ree. Many people occasionally experience symptoms like moodiness or depression. When such symptoms are severe or long- lasting, they interfere with the functioning of individual in daily life and with his relationship with others. Sometimes a person subconsciously develops an illness as a way of han
41、dling a desperate need, such as the need for affection. The only real cure is to satisfy the primary desire. An example is a woman who has pain in her heart, not because of organic heart disease, but because the symptom is a way of gaining, if only temporarily, the love and attention for which she l
42、ongs. Her husband cannot leave her when she is so sick; her children are concerned. Her pain is just as severe as if it had a physical cause. The reality of psychosomatic illness Is the patient with psychosomatic illness really sick, or does he merely imagine he is sick? Many people, including the f
43、amilies of patients and members of the health professions, believe that physical illness which is influenced by emotional stress is less real, or wholly imaginary. Acknowledging the reality of the patients illness is important; it is the first step in helping him. Patients with psychosomatic illness
44、 are likely to be neglected. The same staff who give excellent care to other patients, not uncommonly ignore them. Some possible reasons may include the use of the term psycho as a prefix. Perhaps this conveys the idea that such patients are mentally iii, and therefore have no physical illness. Perh
45、aps they are considered weaklings. One hears comments like, “He could snap out(克服 ) of it if he wanted to.“ Prejudice against these patients may be due to a belief that they are pretending illness in an attempt to get attention or favors. A patient with psychosomatic illness may be confused with a m
46、alingerer, one who deliberately pretends illness in order to achieve secondary gain, such as financial compensation or excuse from work. Pretending illness is considered an unhealthy and unsatisfactory solution to the problems of life. Often it adds to the patients difficulties, as he makes elaborat
47、e attempts to avoid detection. A malingerer can be helped sometimes to find ways of coping with difficulties. The essential difference between psychosomatic illness and malingering is that the malingerer pretends symptoms. It is a conscious process and he is aware that he is pretending to be sick. T
48、he patient with psychosomatic illness develops symptoms as manifestation of largely unconscious psychic conflicts. The symptoms are real. Condemnation(责难 ) of the patient with psychosomatic illness can persist despite intellectual understanding of theories about its cause. The patient can sense imme
49、diately whether those who care for him are trying to help him or not. It is important to understand that: The patient with psychosomatic illness is really sick. He is not pretending or imagining his symptoms. The idea that he can “snap out of it“ at will is no more true than it is of those with diseases like pneumonia, whose need for care is readily acknowledged. 11 The symptoms of some people with psychosomatic illness are experienced in an alternating fashion. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 12 Moodiness and depression are symptoms that dont
