1、湖北省考博英语模拟试卷 1及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Many language teachers and learners tend to ask the question: Why should we teach or learn linguistics? Since linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language, it seems obvious that such a study would help a lot in language teaching and learni
2、ng, although there is much difference between linguistics and language teaching or learning in their attitudes towards language, their goals, and their methods. Language is viewed as a system of forms in linguistics, but it is regarded as a set of skills in the field of language teaching. Linguistic
3、 research is concerned with the establishment of theories which explains the phenomena of language, whereas language teaching aims at the learners mastery of language. To bridge the gap between the theories of linguistics and the practice of foreign language teaching, APPLIED LINGUISTICS serves as a
4、 mediating area which interprets the results of linguistic theories and makes them user-friendly to the language teacher and learner. Applied linguistics is conducive to foreign language teaching in two major aspects: Firstly, applied linguistics extends theoretical linguistics in the direction of l
5、anguage learning and teaching, so that the teacher is enabled to make better decisions on the goal and content of teaching. When faced with the task of designing a syllabus, the teacher has a number of choices. Should he set out to teach the language used in literary works, or that in daily communic
6、ation? Should he teach the general system of the language, or a part of this system? What are the principles of compiling or choosing textbooks? What kinds of exercises are most suitable? To answer these questions, the teacher is consciously or unconsciously using his understanding of the nature of
7、language learning. Applied linguistics provides the teacher with a formal knowledge of the nature of language and language system, and thus increases his understanding of the nature of language learning. As a result, the teacher can make more informed decisions on what approach to take, hence what t
8、o teach. Secondly, applied linguistics states the insights and implications that linguistic theories have on the language teaching methodology. Once the goal and content of teaching are settled, the teacher has to consider questions of how to teach. Should the teaching-learning process be teacher-ce
9、ntered, textbook-centered, or learner-centered? How should the learners errors be treated? What techniques should be adopted in the classroom? Since applied linguistics defines the nature of language learning in connection with various linguistic theories, it helps the teachers to choose teaching me
10、thods and techniques. 1 Whats the passage mainly about? （ A） The relation of linguistics to foreign language teaching. （ B） The advantages of applied linguistics. （ C） The methods of foreign language teaching. （ D） The definition of applied linguistics. 2 Language teachers and learners should teach
11、or learn linguistics, because （ A） linguistics is the scientific study of language （ B） the study of linguistics would help a lot in language teaching and learning （ C） theres much difference between linguistics and language teaching or learning （ D） language is a system of forms in linguistics 3 We
12、 could infer from the text that （ A） applied linguistics is one subject that a teacher should teach （ B） linguistics could reveal the nature of language learning （ C） applied linguistics is too abstract for the learners to understand （ D） the teacher-learning process should be teacher-centered 4 Whi
13、ch of the following questions applied linguistics cant solve? （ A） What a teacher should teach. （ B） How a teacher should teach. （ C） Why a teacher should teach. （ D） How to choose a textbook. 4 Young people in the early 1980s are taking on a set of attitudes and values remarkably different from tho
14、se of the stormy 60s and 70s. Instead of anti-establishment outbursts, todays younger generation had turned more thoughtful and more serious. There is heightened concern for the future of the country and a yearning for the traditions and support systems that gave comfort in the past. Many young men
15、and women of high-school and college age are having second thoughts about the “new morality“ and condemn what a soaring divorce rate has done to families. They speak openly of gaining strength from religion. Patriotism, too, seems to be making a modest comeback. One change in the early 1980s is a qu
16、estioning of the permissive moral climate of recent years. More young people, while hesitant to preach or to condemn their peers, cite the destructive effects of the drugs and alcohols that are so widely available in the schools. It is peer pressure that pushes teenagers into drugs, but now the habi
17、t often is dropped after high school, according to Debbie Bishop, a 22-year-old secretary. James Elrod, a college junior in Kentucky, also reports that the use of marijuana on campus has lessened. A Cornell University law student reflects the views of many with the comment: “I think that drug abuse
18、is harmful to your own health and those around you. “ But he adds: “Drinking is fine only as long as its not done to excess. With the added pressures of a more uncertain world, most young people stress the importance of a healthy family life. Yet, as they look at the familys breakup that has taken p
19、lace in the past decade, they concede that the challenge for many is to make the best of one-parent families. “The American family is evolving and changing, “ according to Nina Mule, “Women are going out into the world and having careers. Theyre becoming more independent instead of being the burden
20、of the family, “ “But a great need remains for a family structure, “ says Nina, who still lives with her parents, “because people have to be able to survive emotionally. “ In Atlanta, 18-year-old Liss Jciner feels strongly about whats happened to the family. “People have realized that the family has
21、 disintegrated, “ she says, “But todays familyparticularly the black familyis trying to pull itself together and become the strong unit as it once was. “ A similar view is expressed by a senior at Brigham Young University: “A happy family means everything to me. I read a lot about how the American f
22、amily is falling apart. But I see lots of strong families around me, and that makes me very optimistic. “ 5 According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true? （ A） Young people of 60s and 70s held radical attitudes towards life. （ B） Young people of the early 1980s begin to tur
23、n back to traditional values. （ C） Young people of the early 1980s follow the “new morality“. （ D） There were anti-establishment occurrences in 60s and 70s. 6 Why do young people stress the importance of a healthy family life? （ A） The want to live a comfortable life. （ B） With the constantly added
24、pressures of the outside world, they need a healthy family for emotional shelter. （ C） They dont want to make a living by themselves. （ D） They prefer to live with their parents. 7 Which of the following statements is true? （ A） Families break up because women are becoming more independent. （ B） Peo
25、ple have realized that the family has disintegrated and they just passively let it go. （ C） The moral climate of 60s and 70s is very optimistic while that of 80s is permissive. （ D） Marijuana, according to the context, is a kind of drug. 8 Which do you think is the best title of the passage? （ A） Yo
26、ung People in the U. S. A Turn Back to Traditional Values. （ B） Youth on the Move. （ C） American Moral Values. （ D） Todays American Young People. 8 The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things depends on the existences of other organisms. This interdependence
27、is sometimes subtle, sometimes obvious. Perhaps the most straightforward dependence of one species on another occurs with parasites, organisms that live on or in other living things and derive nutrients directly from them. The parasitic way of life is widespread. A multitude of microorganisms(includ
28、ing viruses and bacteria)and an army of invertebratesor creatures lacking a spinal column(including crustaceans, insects, and many different types of worms)make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures. In the face of this onslaught, living things have evolved a variety of defense me
29、chanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms. Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria secrete substances known as antibiotics into their external environment. These substances are capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of various kinds of bacteria that also occupy
30、 the area, thereby eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients. The same principle is used in defense against invaders in other groups of organisms. For example, when attacked by disease-causing fungi or bacteria, many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to ward off the invaders. M
31、embers of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms for dealing with parasites. Although these mechanisms vary considerably, all major groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of “foreign“ cells. In fact, throughout the animal kingdom, from spon
32、ges to certain types of worms, shellfish, and all vertebrates(creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals. The ability to distinguis
33、h between “self“ and “nonself“, while present in all animals, is most efficient among vertebrates, which have developed an immune system as their defense mechanism. The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells. 9 Wh
34、at does the passage mainly discuss? （ A） How parasites reproduce. （ B） How organisms react to invaders. （ C） How antibiotics work to cure diseases. （ D） How the immune system of vertebrates developed. 10 According to the passage, some organisms produce antibiotics in order to_. （ A） prevent disease
35、in humans （ B） aid digestion （ C） fight off other organisms （ D） create new types of nutrients 11 According to the passage, a transplant of tissue between genetically incompatible organisms will result in the transplanted tissue _. （ A） becoming a parasite （ B） being treated as an invader （ C） alter
36、ing its genetic makeup （ D） developing a new immune system 12 According to the passage, the ability to distinguish between “self“ and “nonself“ enables vertebrates to _. （ A） accept transplanted cells （ B） detect and react to invasion （ C） weaken their immune system （ D） get rid of antibiotics 12 Am
37、ong the most enduring of all horrors is the prospect of a slow, painful death. Those who witness the protracted terminal illness of a friend or relative often view the eventual death more as a relief than a tragedy. But to make life or death decisions on behalf of a dying person unable to communicat
38、e his or her wishes is to enter a moral and legal minefield. Could a doctor be sued for withholding treatment and allowing someone to dieor for not allowing him or her to die? Could it ever be lawful to withhold food and water? Legal moves are afoot which may settle these questions. Recently, a grou
39、p on voluntary euthanasia proposed legislation to make documents known as “Advance Directives“, or Living Wills, legally binding. An Advance Directive sets out the kind of medical treatment a person wishes to receive, or not receive, should he or she ever be in a condition that prevents them express
40、ing those wishes. Such documents, much in vogue in the US and some EU countries, are becoming increasingly popular in Britain. A clear distinction must be drawn between actions requested by an Advance Directive, and active euthanasia, or “mercy killing“. A doctor who took a positive stepsuch as givi
41、ng a lethal injectionto help a patient die would, as the law stands, be guilty of murder or aiding and abetting suicide, depending on the circumstances. An Advance Directive, however, requests only passive euthanasia: the withholding of medical treatment aimed solely at sustaining the life of a pati
42、ent who is terminally ill or a vegetable(in a vegetative state). The definition of medical treatment, in such circumstances, can include food and water. The enforceability of the Advance Directive stems from the notion, long accepted in English law, that a person who is both old enough to make an in
43、formed decision and composmentis, is entitled to refuse any medical treatment offered by a doctor, even if that refusal leads to the persons death. A doctor who forces treatment on a patient against his or her wishes is, therefore, guilty of an assault. Case law exists in the US and several EU count
44、ries that extend this right of autonomy over ones life to patients who write an Advance Directive refusing treatment and subsequently lose their reason. There is no reason, based on public policy or English case law, why an English court should treat previously made instructions any differently. 13
45、What is an Advance Directive? （ A） A decision made by a doctor on how to end a patients life. （ B） A hospital document on how to treat a terminally ill patient. （ C） A wish made by a patient on how he will be medically treated. （ D） A law that prohibits mercy killing. 14 A doctor will be guilty of m
46、urder if he_. （ A） advises a patient to draw up his Advance Directive （ B） refuses to carry out an Advance Directive （ C） prescribes a medication that will quicken the death of a terminal patient （ D） stops giving medication to terminally ill patient according to his Advance Directive 15 According t
47、o traditional English law, _. （ A） a person could refuse medical treatment （ B） a person should not endanger his life by refusing medical treatment （ C） a person should not refuse medical treatment （ D） a doctor could force his patient into accepting his treatment 16 Which of the following best summ
48、arizes the authors attitude toward the Advance Directive? （ A） It should be made legally binding in Britain. （ B） It is morally questionable. （ C） It is the same as mercy killing, and therefore should not be encouraged. （ D） It runs counter to traditional English law. 16 Even as the federal workforc
49、e shrank, employee complaints alleging discrimination or other mistreatment swelled in the 1990s and have already cost taxpayers more than $ 866 million, federal records show. Federal workers are seven times more likely to file a civil rights complaint than private sector employees, one analysis by federal managers found. Those who study such matters say federal workers are supersensitive about their rights, partly because the system makes it easy to seek redress. Downsizing seems to have contributed to the complains. Between 1990 and
