1、笔译二级综合能力（阅读理解）模拟试卷 1及答案与解析 0 Sexual Reproduction Birds do it. Bees do it. But dandelions dont. The prodigious spread of these winsome weeds underscores a little-appreciated biological fact. Contrary to human experience, sex is not essential to reproduction. Asexual organisms can often churn out mult
2、iple generations of clones, gaining a distinct edge in the evolutionary numbers game. And therein lies the puzzle: If sex is such an inefficient way to reproduce, why is it so widespread? Sex almost certainly originated nearly 3. 5 billion years ago as a mechanism for repairing the DNA of bacteria.
3、Because ancient earth was such a violent place, the genes of these unicellular organisms would have been frequently damaged by intense heat and ultraviolet radiation. “ Conjugation“ the intricate process in which one bacterium infuses genetic material into another provided an ingenious, if cumbersom
4、e, solution to this problem, although bacteria continued to rely on asexual reproduction to increase their numbers. Animal sex, however, is a more recent invention. Biologist Lynn Margulis of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst believes the evolutionary roots of egg and sperm cells can be tra
5、ced back to a group of organisms known as rotests that first appeared some 1. 5 billion years ago.(Modern examples include protozoa, giant kelp and malaria parasite. ) During periods of starvation, Margulis conjectures, one rotest was driven to devour another. Sometimes this cannibalistic meal was i
6、ncompletely digested, and the nuclei of prey and predator fused. By joining forces, the fused cells were better able to survive adversity, and because they survived, their penchant for union was passed on to their distant descendants. From this vantage point, human sexuality seems little more than a
7、 wondrous accident, born of a kind of original sin among protozoa. Most population biologists, however, believe sex was maintained over evolutionary time because it somehow enhanced survival. The mixing and matching of parental genes, they argue, provide organisms with a novel mechanism for generati
8、ng genetically different offspring, thereby increasing the odds that their progeny could exploit new niches in a changing environment and, by virtue of their diversity, have a better chance of surviving the assaults of bacteria and other tiny germs that rapidly evolve tricks for eluding their hosts
9、defenses. 1 The word “underscore“ underlined in Paragraph 1 most probably means_. （ A） overestimate （ B） underestimate （ C） underline （ D） underlie 2 By “a little-appreciated biological fact“ , the author means_. （ A） most people are not familiar with the reproduction of dandelions （ B） most people
10、are not familiar with asexual reproduction （ C） sexual reproduction is seldom favored by biologists （ D） asexual reproduction is seldom favored by biologists 3 According to Paragraph 1, asexual reproduction is advantageous for its_. （ A） large offspring numbers （ B） creation of offspring without a m
11、ate （ C） creation of genetically identical offspring （ D） creation of genetically different offspring 4 We can infer from the passage that sex first appeared in_. （ A） bacteria （ B） multicellular organisms （ C） rotests （ D） protozoa 5 Which statement is NOT true about conjugation? （ A） Conjugation i
12、s a process whereby the genes of bacteria are transferred. （ B） Conjugation is a process whereby the genes of bacteria are recombined. （ C） Conjugation is a process whereby the genes of bacteria are repaired. （ D） Conjugation is a process whereby the genes of bacteria are damaged. 6 According to bio
13、logist Lynn Margulis, _. （ A） rotests have both egg and sperm cells （ B） rotests devoured each other because of starvation （ C） rotests devoured each other for the survival of its species （ D） protozoans, like their distant ancestors, devour each other 7 Paragraph 4 implies that human sexuality is t
14、he result of_. （ A） genetic mutation （ B） gradual evolution （ C） germ protection （ D） bacterial transformation 8 The word “elude“ underlined in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to_. （ A） escape （ B） confront （ C） recognize （ D） attack 9 The following can be inferred from the passage about sexual re
15、production EXCEPT_. （ A） because of the mixing of genes in sexual reproduction, all offspring have genetic variations （ B） because of sexual reproduction, a species can adapt more quickly to changes in its surroundings （ C） with the help of sexual reproduction, humans are better able to combat bacte
16、ria and sperms （ D） sexual reproduction leads to a greater variety in population 10 The purpose of the passage is to_. （ A） justify the necessity of sexual reproduction （ B） explain the origin of sexual reproduction （ C） trace the history of sexual reproduction （ D） demonstrate the differences betwe
17、en sexual and asexual reproduction 10 Memory Brains are different from computers, but the analogy can be helpful. Like the PC on your desk, your mind is equipped with two basic types of memory: “working memory“ for juggling information in the present moment, and “long-term memory“ for storing it ove
18、r extended periods. Contrary to popular wisdom, our brains dont record everything that happens to us and then bury it until a hypnotist or a therapist helps us dredge it up. Most of what we perceive hovers briefly in working memory, a mental play space akin to a computers RAM, then simply evaporates
19、. Working memory enables you to perform simple calculations in your head or retain phone numbers long enough to dial them. And like RAM, it lets you analyze and invent things without creating a lasting record. Long-term memory acts more like a hard drive, physically recording past experiences in the
20、 brain region known as cerebral cortex. The cortex, or outer layer of the brain, houses a thicket of 10 billion vine like nerve cells, which communicate by relaying chemical and electrical impulses. We can will things into long-term memory simply by rehearsing them. But the decision to store or disc
21、ard a piece of information rarely involves any conscious thought. Its usually handled automatically by the hippocampus, a small, two-winged structure nestled deep in the center of the brain. Like the key-board on your computer, the hippocampus serves as a kind of switching station. As neurons out in
22、 the cortex receive sensory information. They relay it to the hippocampus. If the hippocampus responds, the sensory neurons start forming a durable network. But without that act of consent, the experience vanishes forever. By storing only the information were most likely to use, our brains make the
23、world manageable. Perfect retention may sound like a godsend, but when the hippocampus gets overly permissive, the results can be devastating. At the other end of the spectrum stands impairments of the memory, which can be caused by brain surgery as well as normal aging. Other memory busters include
24、 depression, anxiety and a simple lack of stimulation all of which keep us from paying full attention to our surroundings. What, then, are the best ways to protect your memory? Obviously, anyone concerned about staying sharp should make a point of sleeping enough and managing stress. And because the
25、 brain is at the mercy of the circulatory system, a heart-healthy lifestyle may have cognitive benefits as well. 11 According to the passage, the working memory and the long-term memory are respectively for_. （ A） processing information and recording information. （ B） calculation and confirming the
26、calculations. （ C） storing information and performing calculations. （ D） storing information and processing the storage. 12 According to the first paragraph, which of the following is NOT true? （ A） What we are in contacts with may not be all stored in the the brain. （ B） What we are in contacts wit
27、h are just short-lived in the brain. （ C） All of our immediate knowledge may be all ready for use. （ D） Only some information in the working memory can be retrieved later. 13 The hippocampus is compared to a keyboard because_. （ A） only when information is related to the hippocampus can the sensory
28、neurons start functioning. （ B） all the input of information can be functioned by the hippocampus. （ C） the hippocampus can transform all the information received into the cortex. （ D） only when the hippocampus is functioning can the information be used. 14 What a human brain can remember and use la
29、rgely depends on_. （ A） the cooperation between the cerebal cortex and the hippocampus. （ B） the cooperation between the cerebal cortex and the neurons. （ C） how the neurons and the hippocampus are working. （ D） how much effort a human being is made in storing received information. 15 Which of the f
30、ollowing is NOT true? （ A） All the information in the working memory can be stored in the long-term memory. （ B） Only some of the information can be stored in the long-term memory. （ C） If the received information is not juggled, it may soon depart from the memory. （ D） All the information in the lo
31、ng-term memory is from the working memory. 15 The History of P Chipso, the first soap designed for washing machines; Dreft, the first household synthetic detergent and the first all vegetable shortening that changed the way America cooked, Crisco. In 1945, P&G had become a nearly $350 million compan
32、y. Its products were popular throughout the United States and Canada and the Company had taken its first step toward developing an overseas business, with the acquisition of Thomas Hedley & Co. , Ltd. , in England. In 1946, P&G introduced Tide, its most important new product since Ivory. Tide was re
33、markably superior to other products on the market, and it quickly became an enormous success so successful, in fact, that it helped fund the Companys rapid growth not just into new product lines but also into new markets around the world. Today, Procter&Gamble is a truly global corporation. Since 19
34、80, the company has quadrupled the number of consumers it can serve with its brands about five billion people around the world. P&G now has operations in more than 80 countries and its products are sold in over 140 countries, making P&G one of the biggest and most successful consumer goods companies
35、 in the world. 16 The accomplishment of P&G that make them stand out against their counterparts is largely due to_. （ A） their future-oriented vision. （ B） their power to compete. （ C） the quality of their products. （ D） their harmonious cooperation. 17 What elements are crucial to the sustained dev
36、elopment of P&G? （ A） Vision, research and hard working. （ B） Wise investment, research laboratory and enough capital. （ C） Vision, profit-sharing programs and research. （ D） Vision, laboratory research and innovation. 18 The phrase “the fledgling partnership“ means that_. （ A） very experienced busi
37、ness bodies work together. （ B） inexperienced but thriving business bodies work together. （ C） powerful business sectors work hand in hand. （ D） successful business lines make joint effort. 19 P&Gs smashing success in doing business is largely due to_. （ A） they have made joint efforts and adopted s
38、cientific approach. （ B） they have followed a well-knitted onward development approach. （ C） they have produced more than 30 varieties of products. （ D） they have successfully engaged themselves in advertising their products. 20 What is more remarkable about the great success of P&G is that_. （ A） t
39、hey have not only turned out more varieties, but also placed much more emphasis on advertising their products. （ B） they have given much heed to their overseas development and placed much emphasis on advertising. （ C） they never stop turning out new products, nor do they stay satisfied. （ D） they ha
40、ve not only placed much emphasis on research and innovation but also keep eyes on the markets both at home and abroad. 笔译二级综合能力（阅读理解）模拟试卷 1答案与解析 【知识模块】 阅读理解 1 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 词义题型，答案是 C。 underscore此处意为 “强调、凸显 ”， A选项意为 “高估 ”， B选项意为 “低估 ”， C选项意为 “强调 ”， D选项意为 “构成 的基础或原因 ”，故选 C。本题核心： 1充分利用上下文语境推测词义； 2区分
41、单词之间的细微差异。本题中 underscore、 underline、 underlie前缀相同，对三者表意异同的甄别要依赖于平时对常见常用词汇的积累。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 2 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 句子主旨题型，答案是 B。本题考查对文中特定句子主旨的理解。考查句在词汇理解层面存在两个关键点：一是 appreciate一词，该词为大家所熟悉的义项是 “感激，欣赏 ”，而此句适合的义项则是 “知晓，领会 ”，整句可直译为“一个鲜为人知的生物学事实 ”， C、 D选项将 appreciate错误理解为 favor，将biological一词错误理解为 “生物学家的 ”，故先排除；
42、二是 fact一词，该词行使的是指代功能，此句本身未说明所指，故需联系上下文加以理解。从冠词 a一词可判断此概念在文中属于首次提及，可推知具体的阐释会出现在 此句之前而非之后，而 A选项 “蒲公英的繁衍 ”出现在该句之前，为作者所要陈述事实的证据，故排除。紧随其后的 “Contrary to human experience， sex is not essential to reproduction ”一句对考查句进一步加以解释说明，可见大多数人认为性对于繁衍而言是必要条件，由此推定 C选项 “大多数人对无性繁衍不熟悉 ”符合作者的表意主旨。本题核心：留意常见词汇的特殊义项，同时善于运用语法知
43、识锁定正确的信息点所在。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 3 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 段落主旨题型，答案是 A。本题考查点 “无性繁衍的优点 ”与段落的主旨密切相关。本段为全文引段，旨在点明主题。作者采用的具体策略是反面对照法，对照的两方分别为有性和无性繁衍，意在通过彰显无性繁衍的优点来引发读者思考有性繁衍存在的必要性。段中涉及无性繁衍的叙述有两处，一是 the prodigious spread of these winsome weeds，二是 “Asexual organisms can often churn out multiple generations of clones， ga
44、ining a distinct edge in the evolutionary numbers game ”。从 prodigious spread(疯狂的传播 )、 chum out multiple generations(大量制造子子孙孙 )和 numbers game(数字游戏 )等描述词可见作者意在突出其繁衍数量多这一优点，故选 A。本题核心： B、 C选择项的内容 (无须交配；与后代基因相同 )同样属于无性繁殖的特征，尽管在原文中亦有所提及，但甄选正确答案有赖于把握段落的论证逻辑，找准表意重心，明确作者在此 处提及无性繁殖的用意。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 4 【正确答案】 A
45、【试题解析】 细节题型，答案是 A。本题考查有性繁衍最早出现在哪种生物形态上。根据第二段第一句 “Sex almost certainly originated nearly 3 5 billion years ago as a mechanism for repairing the DNA of bacteria ”中的 originate一词可基本锁定 A选项 “细菌 ”。 B选项中的 organisms一词同样出现在第二段，但修饰词unicellular被置换为 multicellular，为干扰项。 C选项 rotests出现在第三段，对应的时间点为 1 5 billion years
46、 ago。 D选项 protozoa亦出现在第三段，对应的时间点为 modern。依次排序可确定 A为正确答案。本题核心：此题涉及时间排序，可通读全文寻找时间标识词确定答案。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 5 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 概念主旨题型，答案是 D。此题考查对 conjugation这一概念的理解。原文第三段将其描述为 “the intricate process in which one bacterium infuses genetic material into another”(一个细菌将遗传物质注入另一个细菌的微妙过程 )。选择项并未照搬原文文字，因此需基于原文的描述把握
47、概念的实质。给出的四个选择项分别为：在这个过程中，细菌的遗传因子 A“发生转移 ”、 B“进行重组 ”、C“得到修复 ”、 D“遭到损害 ”。 A、 B选项涉及过程描述，从定义本身可推定此两选项无误。 C、 D选项涉及结果后果描述，从上下文可知，远古地球生存环境恶劣，细菌遗传因子常因高热和紫外 线辐射而遭受损害， conjugation则提供了一种解决方案，可见结果应当是细菌的遗传因子得到修复， C选项描述无误。正确答案应为 D。本题核心： 1注意题干是以否定形式出现的，要求选出的是描述不正确的选项； 2不可因原文中出现 damage原词而断章取义将其视为正确理解，而应围绕正确的逻辑关系作答。
48、 【知识模块】 阅读理解 6 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 观点主旨题型，答案是 B。本题考查生物学家 Lynn Margulis的具体观点。原文给出的信息大意如下：精子和卵子产生的源头可追溯到 rotests。该类生物因为饥饿而相互吞噬，由于吞噬不完全，吞噬者和被吞噬者的细胞核发生了聚合。两者的合力使得聚合后的细胞在恶劣环境中更容易存活，而这种相互结合的倾向也随着其存活被其继承下来。逐一对比选择项可见： A选项与原文不符，尽管原文出现了 roots一词，但并非指 rotests本身具有精子和卵子细胞，而是指这种生物在相互吞噬过程中产生了细胞核聚合，导致后来同类生物之间精子和卵子细胞存在结合
49、的倾向。 C选项与原文不符，根据原文逻辑， “物种存续 ”是“互相吞噬 ”的结果而非原因。 D选项与原文不符，尽管根据 modern examples一词可判定 protozoa和 rotests之间存在共性，但原文 protozoa一词出现在作者探讨rotests的吞噬现象之前，可见其共性并非吞噬本能，而只是从物种分类上可大致划归一类。本题核心：完整理解段落逻辑，而非孤立依据单独字句断章取义。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 7 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 段落主旨题型，答案是 B。本题考查人类性的来源，需准确把握段落的论证逻辑。第四段开头前两句提及了两种截然相反的观点，第一种认为人类性的出现可归于偶然事件，第二种认为人类性的出现是为 了存续逐渐进化而来。从 from this vantage point一词可知，第一种观点是对上段内容的总结，从however一词可见本段论证重心发生转变，之后整段的论述都围绕后一种观点展开。可见在 A(基因突变 )、 B(逐渐进化 )、 C
