1、笔译二级综合能力（阅读理解）模拟试卷 2及答案与解析 0 Sigmund Freud If there is a single name in all psychology that is synonymous with personality theory, it is Sigmund Freud. Born on the Continent in 1856, he spent his early years as a member of a tightly knit family in Central Europe. Reportedly, his youth was marked by
2、serious personality problems, including severe bouts with depression and anxiety states. These difficulties apparently started him on a journey of discovery aimed at understanding the roots of personality and gaining insight into the relationship between personality structure and actual behavior. It
3、 was to be a long and productive professional journey, beginning with his graduation from medical school at the University of Vienna in 1881. His career extended all the way to the beginning of World War II in 1939. After completing his medical studies, he became increasingly interested in diseases
4、of the nervous system. Instead of continuing to look for physical and physiological reasons, he shifted his attention toward a new arena, the mind. If diseases such as hysteria, high-anxiety states, and deep personal depression were not connected to a physical cause, then the usual types of medical
5、treatment, from actual operations on nerves to prescriptions for drugs, were bound to fail. Such activities were merely treating symptoms. Often, after these treatments, patients simply developed a new set of symptoms. As a result of these ideas, Freud decided to study with Joserf Breuer, a physicia
6、n famous for his treatment of hysteria through hypnosis. Freud found that inducing hypnotic trances was somewhat limited as a treatment of choice. Some patients could not be successfully hypnotized and others simply shifted symptoms. Freud began to experiment with unique treatment methods, primarily
7、 asking patients to free-associate and to report on their dreams. In some ways this appeared an outrageous procedure for a physician to use. Imagine Freud asking a patient to stretch out on his soon-to-be-famous couch, then suggesting that he or she say whatever came to mind.(The first rule of psych
8、oanalysis was to speak out and not repress any hidden thoughts). All the while Freud himself was sitting behind the couch quietly jotting down notes, rarely speaking. Such a procedure seemed the work of a mad genius at best or of a charlatan at worst. Not only did Freud break with the traditions of
9、his time completely, but he even went so far as to carry on psychoanalytically oriented treatment via the mail to the father of a child patient. In the famous case of little Hans, he successfully treated a young boy by writing to the father and explaining step-by-step how to cure the patient of a se
10、vere case of horse phobia. Since horses provided most transportation in those days, Hans malady can be compared to a child who today would run and hide at the sight of an automobile. Always an innovator, Freud continued to evolve creative treatment techniques throughout his life; however, his major
11、contribution was his insight into the causes of behavior. Through hours of quiet listening to patients free associations and dreams, he began to construct a theory of personality. He heard the same themes repeated over and over again and in time created his theory of infant sexuality. Adult patients
12、 were helped to gradually recall early feelings, thoughts, and sexual fantasies from their childhood. To suggest to the world that innocent little children had such sexual feelings was almost too much for the Victorian age to accept. Nevertheless, despite the enormous criticism generated and the dep
13、arture of some of his closest associates, Freud continued to expand on the importance of sexuality as a determinant of personality during the early years of life. His three-part typology of the mind the id, the ego, and the superego combined with his three layers of conscious, preconscious, and unco
14、nscious led to his famous dictum that all human behavior was over determined. His clinical approaches demonstrated that our present behavior is related to a whole series of causes. The task of the psychologist is to uncover great amounts of psychic material and then gradually help the patient unders
15、tand how many of the factors from the past had been regulating his or her present behavior. In fact, Freud said that the psychologist is like an archaeologist-carefully and systematically digging through the past in order to slowly uncover the intrapsychic traumas of a person of early history. Here
16、he found the structure of the past influencing present behavior; here was the repository of events, feelings, disconnected ideas, fantasies rooted in the unconscious. The unconscious, according to Freud, is the key to human behavior. Even though individuals may try to suppress or repress inner thoug
17、hts and feelings and push them into the unconscious, the repressed material sneaks out in disguised form. Slips of the tongue, unfortunate accidents, forgetting important events, getting names of familiar people mixed up, and similar people mixed up, and similar unusual human behavior are not just i
18、ncidental activities or randomly determined. He was able to show how such events are instead a direct expression of an individuals unconscious motivation. For example, a guilt-ridden criminal might “accidentally“ leave a trail a mile wide from the scene of a crime in order to bring about his own pun
19、ishment. Other examples abound in everyday life. The insights of Freud changed our level of understanding in dramatic ways. It has been said that the greatest contribution was to end, once and for all, the age of innocence. Also, some have remarked that it would have been impossible to understand th
20、e horrors of the twentieth century without his theories of why and how people react. These theories demonstrated the importance of both sexual and aggressive human drives. The adverse interpersonal relationships so common in this age are current reminders of this insight. The desolation created by t
21、wo major world wars, the total annihilation of innocent populations, the use of ultimate weapons from A-bombs to gas chambers these products of a so-called advanced civilization can be better understood through his views. It is to be hoped that his insights will teach the world the importance of rec
22、ognizing and gradually developing control over these destructive human drives. Ironically, he spent many of his last years as a captive of the most demonic human being of this century in Nazi Germany. His final year of life was spent in England in 1939. He watched the world he knew collapse once aga
23、in in a paroxysm of hatred, tragic testimony to his deepest fears for humanity. 1 According to the passage, Freuds childhoods severe bouts had actually paved the way for_. （ A） his final discovery of personality （ B） his becoming a psychologist （ C） the birth of personality theory （ D） the relations
24、hip between personality structure and actual behavior 2 Freuds productive professional journey was_. （ A） more of a childhood difficulties and problems than a happy one （ B） largely the result of the environments in which he was growing up （ C） started more with his personal interest than with his p
25、rofessional longing （ D） the direct result of his pursuits at the medical college as a student 3 Freud decided to study with Joserf Breuer, because_. （ A） he adored him for his accomplishments in the treatment of hysteria （ B） Breuers treatment was the most applicable and practical （ C） Breuer was t
26、he most famous person for treating hysteria （ D） he thought he would get insights for improvement of treatment 4 The most remarkable advancement Freud had made in treating mental patients was largely due to_. （ A） Freuds “rebellious“ thinking against the traditional way of treating mental patients （
27、 B） Freuds aspirations in making a major step forward in the related field （ C） Freud was able to think more clearly than other psychologists of his time （ D） Freud had made more experiments on mental patients 5 Which of the following statements is true to Freuds major accomplishments? （ A） Freud pa
28、id more attention of finding better treatment of mental patients. （ B） Freud had paid his attention more on the root cause of mental diseases than on the mere physical treatment of mental patients. （ C） Freud had learned something important from the then famous psychologist Breuer, who paved the way
29、 for his accomplishments. （ D） Freud was abhorrent of the traditional treatment and dissatisfied with merely treating mental patients physically. 6 The approach Freud had adopted in treating mental patients is more of a_nature. （ A） psychological （ B） physiological （ C） psychoanalytical （ D） biologi
30、cal 7 The one major thing that made Freud differ from most other psychologists of his time is that_. （ A） he devoted more efforts than other psychologists on improving the techniques of treatment of mental patients （ B） he had a different perception and vision, went in a different direction of resea
31、rch, discovered a new area and originated a “brand-new“ treatment of mental patients （ C） he made more experiments on mental patients and used more techniques in treating mental patients （ D） He adopted an anti-traditional approach in both research and treatment instead of following the prevailing m
32、ethod used by other psychologists 8 The statement that “the greatest contribution was to end, once and for all, the age of innocence“ indicates that_. （ A） he brought a dramatic and complete change in the understanding of the true nature of human beings towards human behavior, including the behavior
33、s of the human body and mind, especially the “drive“ （ B） the populace could not understand Freuds mind before his contribution got widely recognized and acknowledged （ C） he wiped out the ignorance of the populace of human nature and made the populace gain a better understanding of how the body is
34、at work （ D） he had finally be able to make the populace have a better vision and stopped the populace from being ignorant as they were 8 The US Embargo Against Cuba The real dividing line in U. S. policy toward Cuba is how best to undermine the Castro regime and hasten the islands day of liberation
35、. For almost half a century, the U. S. government has tried to isolate Cuba economically in an effort to undermine the regime and deprive it of resources. Since 1960, Americans have been barred from trading with, investing in, or traveling to Cuba. The embargo had a national security rationale befor
36、e 1991, when Castro served as the Soviet Unions proxy in the Western Hemisphere. But all that changed with the fall of Soviet communism. Today, more than a decade after losing billions in annual economic aid from its former sponsor, Cuba is only a poor and dysfunctional nation of 11 million that pos
37、es no threat to American or regional security. A 1998 report by the U. S. Defense Intelligence Agency concluded that, “Cuba does not pose a significant military threat to the U. S. or to other countries in the region. “ The report declared Cubas military forces “residual“ and “defensive.“ Some offic
38、ials in the Bush administration have charged that Castros government may be supporting terrorists abroad, but the evidence is pretty shaky. And even if true, maintaining a comprehensive trade embargo would be a blunt and ineffective lever for change. As a foreign policy tool, the embargo actually en
39、hances Castros standing by giving him a handy excuse for the failures of his homegrown Caribbean socialism. He can rail for hours about the suffering the embargo inflicts on Cubans, even though the damage done by his domestic policies is far worse. If the embargo were lifted, the Cuban people would
40、be a bit less deprived and Castro would have no one else to blame for the shortages and stagnation that will persist without real market reforms. If the goal of U. S. policy toward Cuba is to help its people achieve freedom and a better life, the economic embargo has completely failed. Its economic
41、effect is to make the people of Cuba worse off by depriving them of lower-cost food and other goods that could be bought from the United States. It means less independence for Cuban workers and entrepreneurs, who could be earning dollars from American tourists and fueling private-sector growth. Mean
42、while, Castro and his ruling elite enjoy a comfortable, insulated lifestyle by extracting any meager surplus produced by their captive subjects. 9 From “The embargo had a national security rationale before 1991“, we learn that_. （ A） a majority of Americans adamantly supported the Cuba embargo befor
43、e 1991 （ B） the Bush administration called for the embargo on Cuba before 1991 （ C） the US Defense Intelligence Agency insisted on the Cuba embargo before 1991 （ D） the US government had grounds for the embargo before 1991 10 The following are the purposes of US sanctions against Cuba EXCEPT_. （ A）
44、to change the nature of the Cuban government （ B） to liberate Cuban citizens （ C） to deprive Cuba of resources （ D） to counter military threats from the Soviet Union 11 The phrase “proxy“ underlined in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_. （ A） correspondent （ B） counterpart （ C） assistant （ D） sur
45、rogate 12 According to Paragraph 2, some officials in the Bush administration prefer _economic sanctions against Cuba. （ A） easing （ B） lifting （ C） maintaining （ D） strengthening 13 The author believes that the ultimate solution to Cuban economic problem lies in_. （ A） the fall of the Castro regime
46、 （ B） the aid from the Soviet Union （ C） the end of the embargo （ D） domestic market reform 14 The phrase “meager“ underlined in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to_. （ A） pitiful （ B） plentiful （ C） ample （ D） adequate 15 The author holds a negative attitude towards Castro most probably because he
47、_. （ A） supports terrorists abroad （ B） refuses to reconcile with the US （ C） blames the US for Cubas misfortunes （ D） battens on the surplus value created by ordinary Cubans 16 The passage suggests that _ benefited from the embargo. （ A） the Cuban government （ B） the US government （ C） Cuban worker
48、s and entrepreneurs （ D） American workers and entrepreneurs 17 In this passage, the author argues that_are the victims of the embargo. （ A） The Castro regime （ B） Cuban citizens （ C） American tourists （ D） American farmers 18 The author opposes the embargo for the following reasons EXCEPT_. （ A） it
49、cost US farmers and other producers billions of dollars of potential exports （ B） it deprived Americans of their freedom to travel （ C） it curbed the growth of US private sectors （ D） it harmed Cuban citizens 18 The Sense of Humor Biologically, there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals; the ability to laugh. In a universe which appears to be utterly devoid of humor, we enjoy this supreme luxury. And it is a luxury, for unlike any o
