1、经济发展练习试卷 3及答案与解析 一、 PART 1 English-Chinese Translation (60 points) Translate the following passage into Chinese. The time for this part is 120 minutes. 1 Tourism, Globalization and Sustainable Development Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global economy and developing countries ar
2、e attempting to cash in on this expanding industry in an attempt to boost foreign investment and financial reserves. While conceding that the uncontrolled growth of this industry can result in serious environmental and social problems, the United Nations contends that such negative effects can be co
3、ntrolled and reduced. Before getting into the cold facts of global economics, let me begin with another story to warm up. I was perplexed when I recently read in the newspaper that Thailands forestry chief had said: “Humans cant live in the forest because human beings arent animals. Unlike us, anima
4、ls can. adapt themselves to the wild or any environment naturally.“ This was to legitimatize the governments plan to remove hundreds of thousands of rural and hill tribe people from protected areas. This man, who is in charge of conserving the forests, is at the same time very strongly pushing to op
5、en up the countrys 81 national parks to outside investors and visitors in the name of “eco-tourism“. Can we conclude, then, that the forestry chief considers developers and tourists as animals that know how to adapt to the forest and behave in the wild naturally? While authorities want to stop the a
6、ccess to forest lands and natural resources of village people, another group of people - namely tourism developers and tourists with lots of money to spend - are set to gain access to the area. While authorities believe that local people, who have often lived in the area for generations, are not cap
7、able of managing and conserving their land and natural resources - under a community forestry scheme for example - they believe they themselves in cooperation with the tourist industry can properly manage and conserve “nature“ under a national eco-tourism plan. Taking the above quote seriously, cyni
8、cs may be tempted to say there is obviously a gap between “human rights“ and “animal fights“. How is this story linked to globalization? First of all, that humans cannot live in the forest is - of course - not a Thai concept. It is a notion of Western conservation ideology - an outcome of the global
9、ization of ideas and perceptions. Likewise, that eco-tourism under a “good management“ system is beneficial to local people and nature is also a Western concept that is being globalized. In fact, Thailands forestry chief thinks globally and acts locally. A lesson that can be learned from this is tha
10、t the slogan “Think Globally, Act Locally“ that the environmental movements have promoted all the years, has not necessarily served to preserve the environment and safeguard local communities rights, but has been co-opted and distorted by official agencies and private industries for profit-making pu
11、rposes. The tourism industry is demonstrating this all too well Many developing countries, facing debt burdens and worsening trade terms, have turned to tourism promotion in the hope that it brings foreign exchange and investment. Simultaneously, leading international agencies such as the World Bank
12、, United Nations agencies and business organizations like the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) have been substantially involved to make tourism a truly global industry. However, tourism in developing countries is often viewed by critics as an extension of former colonial conditions because from
13、 the very beginning, it has benefited from international economic relationships that structurally favor the advanced capitalist countries in the North. Unequal trading relationships, dependence on foreign interests, and the division of labor have relegated poor countries in the South to becoming tou
14、rism recipients and affluent countries in the North to the position of tourism generators, with the latter enjoying the freedom from having to pay the price for the meanwhile well-known negative impacts in destinations. 二、 PART 2 Chinese-English Translation (40 points) Translate the following passag
15、e into English. The time for this part is 60 minutes. 2 贸易保护主义考验全球经济 2000年全球共有反倾销案 251起，略高于 20世纪 90年代年均 232起的数字。但是， 2001年，反倾销案件猛增到创记录的 348起。这个的统计数字表明贸易保护主义正在 迅速蔓延，并日益成为国际贸易中一个严重的问题。 事实表明，一旦经济陷入衰退，贸易保护主义就会抬头。 2002年 3月 20日，美国正式启动 201条款，对进口钢材加征 30%的进口关税，这就是贸易保护主义的最好例证。 美国钢铁业由于自身的结构问题，再加上本国经济萧条的打击，许多钢铁公
16、司纷纷倒闭。出于政治上的原因，布什政府挥起了 “钢铁大棒 ”，保护本国的钢铁业，引发了钢材出口国的强烈不满。 美国是发起对外反倾销案最多的国家，其次是加拿大、印度和欧盟。而中国则是反倾销案最主要的打击目标之一。 反倾销 调查最终经常会导致加征进口税，目的在于增加出口商的销售成本，保护本国产品的竞争力。虽然很多实施反倾销行动的国家宣称他们的行为是合法的，但是无可否认，反倾销的根本目的是保护本国竞争力低下的生产者。 美国的 201条款还不同于普通的反倾销、反补贴措施，它不要求调查出口国是否进行了不公平的贸易活动，只要求对国内相关行业是否因进口增加而受损进行调查即可。这种紧急保护措施较普通的反倾销更
17、随意，也更为严厉。 结果，欧盟、日本、韩国等国都在世界贸易组织向美国提出起诉，并准备采取紧急保护措施。贸易战可能会从钢铁扩 展到其他产业，而全球贸易的稳定将经受新一轮的考验。 经济发展练习试卷 3答案与解析 一、 PART 1 English-Chinese Translation (60 points) Translate the following passage into Chinese. The time for this part is 120 minutes. 1 【正确答案】 旅游、全球化与可持续发展 旅游是全球经济中一个快速增长的领域，因而发展中国家正努力从这一快 速增长的产业
18、中获利，以促进海外投资、增加金融储备。联合国一方面承认，该产业的无序发展会造成严重的环境和社会问题，另一方面却坚持认为这些负面影响可以得到控制和减小。 在了解全球经济的严酷现实之前，让我先讲个故事为大家热热身。最近我在报纸上看到泰国林业部高官称： “人类无法生活在森林里，因为人类不是动物；动物与人类不同，能够自然地适应荒野和其它环境。 ”他的话令我非常困惑。这种说法将使政府将数以万计的边远和山区部落人民逐出保护地的计划合法化。这位负责森林保护的官员正在以 “生态旅游 ”为名义积极推动向海外投资商和 游客开放该国的 81家森林公园。我们由此是否可以断定，这位林业高官把开发商和游客看作了动物，他们
19、知道如何适应在森林中的环境、在荒野里自然地生存的动物 ? 尽管当局要禁止村民接近林地和自然资源，而另一群人，那些旅游开发商和出手阔绰的游客，却能获准进入这一地区。当局认为世世代代生活在这里的当地居民没有能力通过诸如社区森林保护规划之类的方法管理其土地和自然资源，唯当局自身却坚信他们可以在全国生态旅游规划之下，与旅游部门合作，妥善地管理并保护“自然 ”。倘若上述说法当真，那些愤世嫉俗的人也许不禁要说，看来 “人权 ”与 “动物权 ”之间鸿沟确实不小。 这怎么会与全球化联系在一起呢 ?首先，人类不能生活在森林里，这本来并不是泰国人的观念，而是西方环保意识的影响 也即观念全球化的一个结果。同样，建立
20、在 “良好的管理 ”体制下的生态旅游有益于当地人民和自然的观念也是一个正在全球化的西方观念。事实上，泰国林业高官表面上着眼的是全球，实际上着力的却是本部门的利益。在这一点上有个教训：多年来环保运动提倡的 “着眼全球，着力本地 ”的口号，并没有被用来保护环境、捍卫当地社区的权利，而是被官方机构和私人企业共同曲解谋利了。旅游业在这一点上的表 现可以说是淋漓尽致了。 许多发展中国家面临着沉重的债务负担和日益刻薄的贸易条款，转而提升旅游业，以期得到外汇、吸引投资。与此同时，世界银行、联合国各部门等主要国际机构和世界旅行及旅游业理事会之类的商业组织已经从实质上已参与进来，使旅游业事实上成为一个全球产业。
21、 然而，在批评家看来，发展中国家的旅游业往往是先前殖民统治的延续，因为从一开始，它就从国际经济关系上获益，而这种关系从结构上讲有利于北半球发达资本主义国家。不平等的贸易关系、对海外利益的依赖和劳动的分工，使南半球的穷国沦为旅游的接受者，而北 半球的富国则处于旅游生产者的地位，他们不必为众所周知的对旅游目的地造成的负面影响买单。 【知识模块】 经济发展 二、 PART 2 Chinese-English Translation (40 points) Translate the following passage into English. The time for this part is 6
22、0 minutes. 2 【正确答案】 World Economy Tested by Trade Protectionism There were 251 anti-dumping cases put on file throughout the world in 2000, a slightly higher number than the annual average of 232 cases throughout the 1990s. In the single year of 2001, however, the number suddenly rose to a record hi
23、gh of 348, indicating a rapid spread of trade protectionism, an increasingly serious problem in world trade. Trade protectionism begins to prevail when economic depression occurs. The best proof of this was the U. S. Trade and Tariff Acts Section 201, which was made effective on March 20, 2002, and
24、imposed a 30% ad valorem duty on imported steel. Due to structural problems in the domestic steel industry and the negative impact of economic depression in the United States, many U. S. steel producers went bankrupt. For political reasons, the Bush Administration began to rely on its “Steel Stick“
25、to protect the domestic steel industry, a move strongly opposed by many steel-exporting countries. The United States ranks first in taking anti-dumping cases against other countries, and is followed by Canada, India and the European Union. China is one of the main target countries of anti-dumping ac
26、tions. Anti-dumping investigations often end in an increase in duties, with the aim of raising exporters sales costs to protect the competitiveness of domestic goods. Most countries allege legal validity in their anti-dumping actions. The ultimate purpose, however, is to protect domestic producers t
27、hat are less competitive. Section 201 differs from ordinary anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measure in that it does not require an investigation into the alleged unfair trade activities by the exporting country. Instead it only requires an investigation into whether the domestic industry is injured by
28、 the increase in imported goods. This protective measure taken in an urgent situation is more random and severe than ordinary anti-dumping actions. As a result, the European Union, Japan and South Korea have brought accusations against the U.S. to the WTO and are ready to take urgent protective measures. As it is likely that the trade war in the steel industry will spread to other industries, world trade stability will be subject to an other round of trials and tribulations. 【知识模块】 经济发展
