1、考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编 1及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. P
2、sychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning“. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a c
3、hild learns to associate his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called “ operant conditioning. “ This occurs when an individual learns to do thing
4、s that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to incr
5、ease his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a per
6、son is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative f
7、eelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger. 1 The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to_. （ A） teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion （ B） give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning （ C） give parents some advice on how to mod
8、ify their childrens emotions through learning （ D） discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced 2 If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though_that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in hi
9、s presence. （ A） classical conditioning （ B） operant conditioning （ C） neither of them （ D） some other sorts of conditioning 3 If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals, this is a typ
10、ical example of learning through_. （ A） classical conditioning （ B） operant conditioning （ C） both of them （ D） neither of them 4 In the third paragraph, the author is_. （ A） discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day （ B） talking about learning to modify emotions through operant cond
11、itioning （ C） concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on （ D） using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning 5 In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss_. （ A） definitions of positive fe
12、elings and negative feelings （ B） the third kind of learning （ C） further examples of learning through operant conditioning （ D） none of the above 5 Do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic
13、 drinks. Both products have been known to kill people. The hazards of drinking too much alcohol are as bad as or worse than the hazards of smoking too many cigarettes. All right then, lets pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country. Lets put an end once and for all to the ruin
14、ous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer alcoholism. But wait. Weve already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores anywhere in the United States. They were shut down abolished by an amendment to the Constitution and by a law of Con
15、gress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manufacturing, selling, or transporting of “ intoxicating liquors“. Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from dr
16、unkenness and alcoholism. It was all very logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why? Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just becau
17、se of a change in the law. And gangs of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were lucky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor. Crime and drunkenness were both supposed to decline as a result of pro
18、hibition. Instead, people drank more alcohol than ever often poisoned alcohol. 6 Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act? （ A） There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism. （ B） There would
19、 be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages. （ C） Without liquor, people would not drink. （ D） People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance. 7 During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was_. （ A） sold openly （ B） no longer a temptation （ C） a major factor in the passage of the Volstead Act
20、（ D） brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders 8 During Prohibition, people_. （ A） lived in fear of the law （ B） were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquor （ C） recklessly endangered their communities （ D） were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them 9 When enacting the pr
21、ohibition law, government officials assumed that_. （ A） every American would buy alcohol illegally （ B） all criminal activities would cease （ C） patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcohol （ D） the social threat from drunkenness would decline 10 It can be inferred from the passage
22、that_. （ A） the Congress was wise to repeal Prohibition （ B） the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkenness （ C） during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinking （ D） laws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beverages 10 As people continue to grow and age,
23、our body systems continue to change. At a certain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury.
24、In order to live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives. Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amou
25、nt of stress you are under is yet another. But scientists studying senescence want to know: Why do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life. There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many
26、 consider the later portions of life to be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world. What we consider old age now may only be middle-aged someday soon. Who knows with so many advances in medical science happening so
27、quickly, life spans may one day be measured in centuries, rather than in years! 11 When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury, “ bounce back“ here means_. （ A） toimproveinhealthafterones disease and injury （ B） to run fast （ C） to recover fr
28、om disease and injury （ D） to jump after recovering 12 In order to live longer, _. （ A） we should postpone the process of aging （ B） we should try to do some exercise （ C） we have to try to be on a diet （ D） we should keep in high spirits 13 Why are some scientists interested in studying senescence?
29、 （ A） They may be able to find better ways to our life. （ B） If they pin down the biochemical process that makes us age, there will be hope for extending the length of life. （ C） They want find out if there is a link between how efficiently a cell could repair itself and how long a creature lives. （
30、 D） They want to increase the general ability of our bodies. 14 Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time of living, because_. （ A） they have a very good understanding of themselves and the outside world （ B） they have nothing to do all day long only to watch their grandchildren g
31、rowing up around them （ C） they have come through the battle of life safely （ D） they consider their life has been a successful one 15 According to the passage, “spans“ means_. （ A） a long period of time （ B） a length of time （ C） a long distance from one place to another （ D） longevity 15 Any count
32、ry has good reason to want its citizens to be as healthy as possible, since one of its greatest resources is an active population. No country wants its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health. This was the kind of thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in many countries. I
33、n Britain this has developed into a “Welfare State“ in which all citizens, rich and poor alike, can get most health treatment free. The money for this is partially raised by contributions from employers and employees. As three decades have shown, such automatic arrangements are not always ideal and
34、there are arguments for and against the Health Service. The number of patients treated every year and the cost of treatment are much greater than was estimated. This means that the people who work for the Health Service doctors, nurses and other hospital staff have much more routine work to do and a
35、s a result they have little time for preventive medicine. The Health Service does need more staff a need that can only be met if more money is made available to it. However, a powerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able to receive expensive treatment which they could never
36、afford themselves. Sometimes this free treatment is abused and people visit their doctors when they dont really need to. Because they have so many patients, doctors cannot spend as long with each one as they would like, and some people prefer to pay for private treatment so that their doctors can gi
37、ve them more time. In fact, some wealthy people feel that they should pay, and so free more money for treatment to others. 16 In the authors view, Britain is a Welfare State in that_. （ A） all citizens are entitled to a free medical treatment in some sense （ B） poor, unlike the rich, could enjoy fre
38、e medical treatment （ C） health service is highly developed in Britain （ D） Britain doesnt allow its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health 17 We can infer from the passage that_. （ A） the Health Service is introduced to many other countries by Britain （ B） the Health Service has been introd
39、uced and developed for 30 years in Britain （ C） an active population is the greatest resource in Britain （ D） all citizens in Britain have a good opinion of the Health Service 18 The best title for the passage would be_. （ A） A Welfare State （ B） Importance of the Health Service （ C） Disadvantages o
40、f the Health Service （ D） The Health Service 19 The author mentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because_. （ A） their doctors can give them more time leave from work （ B） those doctors have better medical instruments （ C） they might save some money for the poor （ D） t
41、heir doctors have a stronger sense of responsibility for the patients 20 The word “abused“(Para. 4)means_. （ A） destroyed （ B） used in wrong way （ C） ignored （ D） wasted 考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编 1答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 1 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 写作目的题。文章的主题 往往在首段，该段的 “Psychologists have foundthat there are
42、 two basic processes by which learning takes place”告诉我们，本文主要在解释并举例说明两种基本的学习方式。故本题答案为 B。 2 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 例证题。题干中的例子与文中第二段母亲照顾婴儿例子类似，这个例子是为了证明该段的论点 “The second kind of learning is called“operant conditioning ”Thisoccurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment a
43、ndlearns not to do things that produce punishments”，大意是 “第二种学习叫做 操作性适应 。这发生在人们会尝试学习做能产生回报的事情，而不去学习产生惩罚的事情 ”。因此本题正确答案为 B。 3 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 例证题。从第一段解释 “classical conditioning”可以看出，这种适应方式则是通过刺激使得人们将两个事物联系起来。因此本题答案为 A。 4 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 推理题。第三段的主要内容是我们每天都在用学习影响我们的情绪，如果有人对我们好，我们就会喜欢他，如果对我们不好，我们就反之。而这种联系
44、的建立正是 classical conditioning的学习方式。故本题答案为 D。 5 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 推理题。根据上题的答案可知，第三段在用实例进一步描述什么是learningthrough classical conditioning，显然后面未尽的段落中最有可能继续探讨的则是第二种学习方式 operant conditioning。故本题答案为 C。 6 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 细节题。通过文章第二段可知， A、 C、 D都是修订案的目的，只有 B选项没有提及。 7 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 细节题。答案出处见第三段第五句 “They smuggled
45、millions of gallons ofthe illegal beverages(饮料 )across the Canadian and Mexican Borders”可知，非法酒类是从加拿大和墨西哥交界的地方被购入。故本题答案为 D。 8 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 细节题。答案出处在第三段第二句： And they were will to take risks to getit，即人们会冒被捕的风险去享受酒精的快乐。 9 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 推理题。第二段中 “Witho ut any more liquor， people could not drink it
46、Andif they did not drink it， how could they get drunk?There would be no more dangers to thepublic welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism ”可知，政府设想通过禁酒以达到 D选项中所述目的。 D选项的意思是因为醉酒带来的社会威胁会下降。 10 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 推理题 。从第三段最后一句可看出，禁酒运动不但没有解决问题，反而使酗酒愈演愈烈，所以还是撤销这一禁令更为明智。 11 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 细节题。从第一段的各种细节可以看出，人
47、体随着年龄的增长，身体各系统不断变化，衰老的缓慢发展使机体失去了对疾病和伤害做出反应的某些能力。 12 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 细节题。从第二段最后一句 They hope that by examining the aging process ona cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life可知，人们为了延长寿命，总是千方百计减慢或阻止导致生命终止的演化过程，也就是延长衰老的过程。 13 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 细节题。从第二段最后两句可知，科学家之所以对研究衰老感兴趣，就是
48、想阻止住人类衰老的生化过程，延长人的寿命。 14 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 细节题。从第三段可知，很多人把后半生看成是一生中最好的时光，因为此时对自身以外的世界会理解得更全面、透彻。 15 【正确 答案】 B 【试题解析】 词汇题。 spans指一段距离或时间，在此指的是时间。 16 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 细节题。从第二段中的 in which all citizens ， rich and poor alike， can getmost health treatment free可知，英国之所以为福利国家是因为她所有的公民 (贫富均如此 )都可以享受免费医疗，故本题正确答案为
49、 A。 17 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 排除题。从第三段首句 As three decades have shown， such automaticarrangements are not always ideal and there are arguments for and against the Health Service可知，英国的福利政策实施了 three decades，即三十年，同时也可知这种福利政策并非十分完美，总会不时有支持和反对的声音。因此本题正确答案为 B。 18 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 主旨题。从文章第一段开始，本文都是围绕 welfare中的免费health care来展开的，因此本文主题为 health service。正确答案为 D。 19 【正确答案】 C 【试题解析】 细节题。从最后一段中 and some people prefer to pay for private treatmentso that their doctors can give them more time In
