1、考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编 3及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 The United Nations Population Fund has picked October 31 as the day the world will be home to 7 billion people. For better and worse, its a milestone. And there will be more milestones ahead. Fourteen years from now, there are expected to be 8 bi
2、llion people on the planet. Most of the growth will occur in the worlds poorer countries. Proportionally, Europes population will decline, while Africas will increase. At around the same time, India will overtake China as the most populous nation on Earth. The growing global population is just one s
3、ide of the coin. A recent report from the World Health Organization signaled the seriousness of the human population explosion: more than 3 billion people about half the worlds population are malnourished. Never before have so many, or such a large proportion, of the worlds people been malnourished.
4、 And in a growing number of countries there is a seemingly unstoppable march toward sub-replacement fertility, whereby each new generation is less populous than the previous one, and population aging. As a result of declining fertility and increasing longevity, the populations of more and more count
5、ries are aging raging rapidly. Between 2005 and 2050, a rise in the population aged 60 years or over will be visible, whereas the number of children(persons under age 15)will decline slightly. Population aging represents, in one sense, a success story for mankind, but it also poses profound challeng
6、es to public institutions that must adapt to a changing age structure. The latest national census in China shows the number of elderly people in the country has jumped to more than 13. 3 percent of the population, an increase of nearly 3 percentage points on the percentage from the previous census i
7、n 2000. A quarter of the countrys population will be over 65 by 2050, according to the National Population and Family Planning Commission. The growing number of elderly is a challenge that the government needs to tackle, we cant rely on the ever-increasing population to support them or maintain the
8、nations economic growth. Better solutions are needed, such as raising retirement ages to reflect the greater longevity and working capability of todays older adults and making adjustments so pension programs are more accessible. It was heartening to hear the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Se
9、curity spokesperson announced in Beijing on Tuesday that the government will take retirement policy seriously and proactively. Shanghai began testing a flexible retirement system last October. Eligible employees in the private sector are allowed to postpone retirement until the age of 65 for men and
10、 60 for women. Public servants, however, will continue to retire under the present system age 60 for men and 55 for women. 1 According to the passage, India will_in 14 years. （ A） be a poorer country （ B） be the most populous country （ C） decline in population （ D） increase investment in Africa 2 Wh
11、at problem will result from the global population explosion? （ A） Population aging. （ B） Increasing longevity. （ C） Declining fertility. （ D） Expanding malnourishment. 3 Population on aging represents the following EXCEPT_. （ A） rapid economic development （ B） challenge to public in institutions （ C
12、） success story of mankind （ D） changing age structure 4 Todays older adults enjoy_. （ A） more working years （ B） more accessible pension programs （ C） greater longevity （ D） greater government support 5 What is the authors attitude toward the spokespersons announcement? （ A） Angered. （ B） Delighted
13、. （ C） Indifferent. （ D） Disappointed. 5 The United Nations declared last Friday that Somalias famine is over. But the official declaration means little to the millions of Somalis who are still hungry and waiting for their crops to grow. Ken Menkhaus, professor of political science at Davidson Colle
14、ge, said it was profoundly disappointing to be discussing another Somali famine, after he worked in the country during the 1991 1992 one. Each famine, he said, has distinct characteristics, and this one unfold in slow motion over the past couple of years. Thats at least partly because the Somali dia
15、spora sent money home that delayed the worst effects. Menkhaus was among four experts on Somalia and famine who spoke at the Radcliffe Gym Monday evening. Who gathered for the event, “Sound the Horn: Famine in the Horn of Africa. “ Paul Farmer, Kolokotrones University Professor of Global Health and
16、Social Medicine, drew on his experience treating malnourished people in Haiti, where he has worked for decade, and said the human and social context of home, and aid to families should be part of wearing the child, he said. Similarly, broader agricultural interventions and fair trade policies are ne
17、eded to boost local agricultural economies. Though famine is often thought of as a natural disaster, Mondays speakers said that is a false impression. Though Somalia suffered through a severe drought, with todays instant communications, transport systems can move massive amounts of food. Given today
18、s global food markets, famine is too often a failure of local government and international response. “In todays 21st-century world, just about everything about famine is man-made. Were no longer in a world of man against nature. “ said Robert Paarlberg, adjunct professor of public policy at the Harv
19、ard Kennedy School. Ethiopia, which was also affected by the recent drought, fared much better this time because of reforms implemented after the 2001 one. Likewise, Paarlberg said, northern and central Somalia, regions that fall outside of the influence of the Al-Shabaab militia, also fared better.
20、 There were several man-made features of this famine, which affected more than 10 million people and killed between 50, 000 and 100, 000, half of them children under age 5. The largest man-made feature was the role of the Al-Shabaab militia that rules the region and that kept food aid from reaching
21、those in need. But the international community isnt blameless. As early as November 2010, an international famine early warning system was predicting the failure of rains in the region, but the international community didnt respond fully until an official famine was declared in July 2011. On top of
22、that, U. S. anti-terrorism laws cut off food aid because Al-Shabaab, listed as a terrorist group, was taking some of it. Though the United Nations has declared the famine over, that was based on statistical measures, such as the number of people dying each day and the number of children who are maln
23、ourished. Though the official famine may be over, both U. N. officials and Mondays speakers said the crisis continues for the people of Somalia. Almost a third of the population remains dependent on humanitarian assistance, crops growing from recent rains will take months to reach maturity, and herd
24、s of cows, goats, and other animals were greatly reduced during the crisis. Michael Delaney, director of humanitarian response for Oxfam America, warned that the world will have another chance to get its response fight, because the warning signs are pointing to an impending famine in Africas Sahel,
25、the arid, continent-spanning transition zone just below the Sahara Desert. 6 The current Somali famine is different from the 1991 -1992 one in that_. （ A） it received less international aid （ B） worst effects came more slowly （ C） it caught more attention from the world （ D） it lasted longer despite
26、 help from the UN 7 In treating the malnourished patients, attention should be paid to the following EXCEPT_. （ A） making fair trade policies （ B） aiding the patients families （ C） ignoring the indication of poverty （ D） exercising agricultural interventions 8 What is implied by “Were no longer in a
27、 world of man against nature?“ （ A） Natural disaster alone cannot explain famine. （ B） We live in a world of many man-made matters. （ C） The world is made up of conflicting social forces. （ D） Human beings fight with one another for better life. 9 Regarding the current famine in Somalia, whos to bla
28、me most? （ A） The United States. （ B） The Al-Shabaab militia. （ C） The United Nations FAO. （ D） The international community. 10 What problem still remains from the current Somali famine? （ A） The number of malnourished children remains unknown. （ B） Half of the population remains dependent on humani
29、tarian assistance. （ C） Crops growing from recent rains were reaped before reaching maturity. （ D） Herds of cows, goats and other animals were greatly reduced during the famine. 10 Both versions of the myth the West as a place of escape from society and the West as a stage on which the moral conflic
30、ts confronting society could be played out figured prominently in the histories and essays of young Theodore Roosevelt, the paintings and sculptures of artist Frederic Remington, and the short stories and novels of writer Owen Wister. These three young members of the eastern establishment spent much
31、 time in the West in the 1880s, and each was intensely affected by the adventure. All three bed felt thwarted by the constraints and enervating influence of the genteel urban world in which they had grown up, and each went West to experience the physical challenges and moral simplicities extolled in
32、 the dime novels. When Roosevelt arrived in 1884 at the ranch he had purchased in the Dakota Badlands, he at once bought a leather scouts uniform, complete with fringed sleeves and leggings. Each man also found in the West precisely what he was looking for. The frontier that Roosevelt glorified in s
33、uch books as The Winning of the West(four volumes, 1889-1896), mad that the prolific Remington portrayed in his work, was a stark physical and moral environment that stripped away all social artifice and tested an individuals true ability and character. Drawing on a popular version of English scient
34、ist Charles Darwins evolutionary theory, which characterized life as a straggle in which only the fittest and hast survived, Roosevelt and Remington exalted the disappearing frontier as the last outpost of an honest and tree social order. This version of the frontier myth reached its apogee in Own W
35、isters enormously popular novels The Virginian(1902), later reincarnated as a 1929 Gary Cooper movie and a 1960s television series. In Wisters tale the elemental physical and social environment of the Great Plains produces individuals like his unnamed cowboy hero, “ the Virginian,“ an honest, strong
36、, and compassionate man, quick to help the weak and fight the wicked. The Virginian is one of natures aristocrats-its-ill-educated and unsophisticated but uptight steady, and deeply moral. The Virginian sums up his own moral code in describing his view of Gods justice; “He plays a square game with u
37、s. “ For Wister, as for Roosevelt and Remington, the cowboy was the Christian knight on the Plains, indifferent to material gain as he upheld virtue, pursued justice, and attacked evil. Needless to say, the western myth in all its forms was far removed from the actual reality of the West. Critics de
38、lighted in pointing out that no one scene in The Virginian actually showed the hard physical labor of the cattle range. The idealized version of the West also glossed over the darker underside of frontier expansion the brutalities of Indian warfare, the forced removal of the Indians to reservations,
39、 the racist discrimination against Mexican-Americans and blacks, the risks and perils of commercial agriculture and cattle growing, and the boom-and-bust mentality rooted in the selfish exploitation of natural resources. 11 Which of the following is probably the main reason for the author to mention
40、 Theodore Roosevelt, Frederic Remington and Owen Wister? （ A） They glorified the frontier life. （ B） They were constrained by the genteel urban world. （ C） They spent much time in the West. （ D） They were famous members of the eastern establishment. 12 Which of the following statements best describe
41、s The Virginian? （ A） It is the best Western movie ever made in Hollywood. （ B） It is a popular novel written by Own Wister and Theodore Roosevelt. （ C） It gives an accurate depiction of the frontier experience. （ D） It is one of the most successful books about the West. 13 According to the passage,
42、 which of the following statements regarding the myth of the West is NOT true? （ A） In one idealized view, the West was a place one can escape from society and its pressures. （ B） in one version of the myth, western frontiersman was depicted as a figure deeply immersed in society and its concerto. （
43、 C） Some writers portrayed the western wilderness as a simple and innocent society. （ D） The extreme hardship of the frontier life is one powerful theme of the legendary West. 14 The authors primary purpose in writing the passage is_. （ A） to perpetuate the myth about the West （ B） to introduce the
44、famous writers and painters of the West （ C） to distinguish the myth of the West and the actual reality （ D） to present the brutalities of Indian warfare 15 What is probably the reason for people to make up a legendary West? （ A） They liked to make up stories. （ B） They believed what they portrayed
45、were the actual reality. （ C） They clung to the myth of the West as an uncomplicated, untainted Eden of social simplicity, and moral clarity in an era of unsettling social transformation. （ D） They wanted to make profit by luring people to the West. 15 The belief that the mind plays an important rol
46、e in physical illness goes back to the earliest days of medicine. From the time of the ancient Greeks to the beginning of the 20th century, it was generally accepted by both physician and patient that the mind can affect the course of illness, and it seemed natural to apply this concept in medical t
47、reatments of disease. After the discovery of antibiotics, a new assumption arose that treatment of infectious or inflammatory disease requires only the elimination of the foreign organism or agent that triggers the illness. In the rush to discover antibiotics and drugs that cure specific infections
48、and diseases, the fact that the bodys own responses can influence susceptibility to disease and its course was largely ignored by medical researchers. It is ironic that research into infectious and inflammatory disease first led 20th-century medicine to reject the idea that the mind influences physi
49、cal illness, and now research in the same field including the work of our laboratories and of our collaborators at the National Institutes of Health is proving the contrary. New molecular and pharmacological tools have made it possible for us to identify the intricate network that exists between the immune system and the brain, a network that allows the two systems to signal each other continuously and rapidly. Chemicals produced by immune cells signal the brain, and the brain in turn sends chemical signal
