1、考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 85及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Science and politics make uncomfortable bedfellows. Rarely is this more true than in the case of climate change, where it is now time for emergency counseling. One point repeatedly made at last weeks climate change congress in Copenhagen was that fo
2、rmulating an action plan to curb climate change is not a job of scientists. Politicians may be left scratching their heads over what to do, but at this stage climate scientists cannot provide more guidance than they did in the 2007 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, for two r
3、easons. First, models will never provide a straightforward prediction of how the climate will change. As one Copenhagen delegate put it: “Tell me what the stock market will do in 100 years and I will tell you what the climate will do. “ Second as most climate scientists will agree, their role is not
4、 to formulate policy. They can provide more or less apocalyptic(大灾预测的 )scenarios of what will happen if emissions hit certain thresholds, from burning forests to disappearing islands. But when politicians ask what is the absolute maximum amount of carbon dioxide we should allow to be pumped out, the
5、 answer is, invariably, how much risk do you want to take? There are ways out of the deadlock. As the major climate negotiations in December approach, scientists need to be able to take off their labcoats sometimes and speak as concerned citizens. Some may feel uncomfortable with blurring the line b
6、etween science and activism, but they should be aware that no one understands the risks better than they do and no one is better placed to give informed opinions. Politicians, for their part, should stop begging climatologists for easy answers. What they need instead is a new breed of advisers to de
7、scend from the ivory towers of academia and join the climate fray people who are willing and able to weight up the risks, costs and benefits of various degrees of action. If all else fails, there may still be the safety net of geoengineering. As we have said on several occasions, this option can no
8、longer be dismissed as fantasy. Reputable scientists are discussing options among themselves and with policy-makers, but the fact that we are even considering it should spur governments to cut emissions, cut them deeply and cut them fast. Geoengineering is no get-out-of-jail-free card; it has danger
9、s of its own. The military are already taking an interest, raising the spectre of climate weapons able to divert rainfall and bring drought. That is the last thing we want. 1 Speaking of climate change, politicians_. （ A） dont like it when scientists are indirect （ B） never see eye to eye with scien
10、tists there （ C） seldom want to play the game with scientists （ D） are left puzzled over the formulation of policy 2 To bridge the gap between the two sides, according to the passage, scientists are supposed to_. （ A） act with more concern and enthusiasm （ B） discard their prejudice towards politici
11、ans （ C） be definite enough to offer informed opinions （ D） do as concerned citizens do in protecting environment 3 For their part, politicians ought to be reasonable and_. （ A） pick up the right scientists for informed opinions （ B） place policy and decision in the hands of scientists （ C） receive
12、reeducation in the ivory towers of academia （ D） choose those who can provide a straightforward prediction 4 The author reminds those who are talking about geoengineering of_. （ A） the other alternatives in the matter （ B） the climate weapon as a double-edged sword （ C） the dangers of the fantasy am
13、ong the reputable scientists （ D） the urgency of emission reduction on the part of governments 4 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he w
14、as leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company. “ Broadcasting his ambition was “ very much my decision,“ McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving with
15、out a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isnt alone. In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking
16、 for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who dont get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of reco
17、very begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring
18、 leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn Ferry, senior partner Dennis Carey : “I cant think of a singl
19、e search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first. “ Those who jumped without a job havent always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana when the business became part of PepsiCo(PEP)a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It wa
20、s a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The fin
21、ancial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was its safer to stay where you are, but thats been fundamentally inverted,“ says one headhunter. “The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long. “ 5 When McGee announced
22、his departure, his manner can best be described as being_. （ A） arrogant （ B） frank （ C） self-centered （ D） impulsive 6 According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred by_. （ A） their expectation of better financial status （ B） their need to reflect on their private life （ C） the
23、ir strained relations with the boards （ D） their pursuit of new career goals 7 The word “poached“(Line 3, Paragraph 4)most probably means_. （ A） approved of （ B） attended to （ C） hunted for （ D） guarded against 8 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _. （ A） top performers used to cling to
24、 their posts （ B） loyalty of top performers is getting outdated （ C） top performers care more about reputations （ D） its safer to stick to the traditional rules 8 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “ paid“ media such as televi
25、sion commercials and print advertisements still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “ earned“ media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned“ media by sending e-mail alerts abou
26、t products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. In fact, the way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketings impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting
27、 their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users responses. But in some cases, one marketers owned media become another marketers paid media for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose t
28、raffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend , which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, fo
29、r example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other c
30、ompanies marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more v
31、isible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can
32、hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them. If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the companys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtf
33、ul, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter
34、 and the social-news site Digg. 9 Consumers may create “earned“ media when they are_. （ A） obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites. （ B） inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them. （ C） eager to help their friends promote quality products. （ D） enthusiastic about recommending thei
35、r favorite products. 10 According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature_. （ A） a safe business environment. （ B） random competition. （ C） strong user traffic. （ D） flexibility in organization. 11 The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media_. （ A） invite constant conflicts with passionate cons
36、umers. （ B） can be used to produce negative effects in marketing. （ C） may be responsible for fiercer competition. （ D） deserve all the negative comments about them. 12 Toyota Motors experience is cited as an example of_. （ A） responding effectively to hijacked media. （ B） persuading customers into
37、boycotting products. （ C） cooperating with supportive consumers. （ D） taking advantage of hijacked media. 12 While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression
38、and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,“ according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of
39、 the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries(the female reproductive organs)removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are h
40、er increased “opportunities“ for stress. “Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well. Its just that they have so much more to cope with,“ says Dr. Yehuda. “ Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,“ she observes, “its just that theyre dealing with so many more things
41、 that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner. “ Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “ I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to mor
42、e acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite d
43、evastating. “ Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better. “ Later, her marriage ended and she became a
44、single mother. “Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck. “ 13 Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs? （ A） Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress. （ B）
45、 Women are still suffering much stress caused by men. （ C） Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress. （ D） Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress. 14 Dr. Yehudas research suggests that women_. （ A） need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress （ B） have lim
46、ited capacity for tolerating stress （ C） are more capable of avoiding stress （ D） are exposed to more stress 15 The sentence “ I lived from paycheck to paycheck. “(Line 6, Para. 5)shows that_. （ A） Alvarez cared about nothing but making money （ B） Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expense
47、s （ C） Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs （ D） Alvarez paid practically everything by check 16 Which of the following would be the best title for the text? （ A） Strain of Stress: No Way Out? （ B） Responses to Stress: Gender Difference （ C） Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say （ D） Gender Inequ
48、ality: Women Under Stress 考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 85答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 【知识模块】 阅读理解 1 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 细节题。从第二段可知，科学家们在制定遏制气候变化的问题上，更多的只能是 scratch their heads，即 “不知所措 ”的含义，与 D选项中 “be left puzzled over”是近义改写。故本题选 D。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 2 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 细节题。从倒数第二、三段可知，为了搭建科学家和政治家的沟通桥梁，科学家们应该从学术的象牙塔中走出来 (des
49、cend from the ivory towers of academia)，脱掉实验室的制服 (labcoat)，以关切的市民身份 (concerned citizen)参与进来。故本题答案为 A(科学家们应该更积极 主动地参与 )。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 3 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 细节。原文倒数第二段有答案。政治家们不应该再只向气候学家寻求简单的答案，而是需要一群新的顾问，他们从学术象牙塔中走出来，加入到气候问题的讨论，愿意并且有能力去权衡风险，以及各种行动方案的成本和收益。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 4 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 细节题。最后一段有答案；地理工程不是一张万能卡，它也有自己的风险 (Geoengineering is no getoutof-jailfree card； it has dangers of its own)。也就是地里工程是一把双刃剑 (double-edged sword)。故本题选 B。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 【知识模块】 阅读理解 5 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 细节题。根据题干
