1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 24及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 Displays to keep an eye on A New displays are starting to appear in consumer devices, offering advantages over todays liquid-crystal screens. From tiny mobile phones to enormous fiat-panel televisions, liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) are everywhere
2、. The technology is cheap, even for large panels witness the tumbling price of LCD televisions and can brilliantly display text and graphics. LCDs have made notebook computers possible and have pushed aside the bulky computer monitors of a few years ago. They make it possible to show films on aeropl
3、ane seats-backs, play video games on the train and see digital photos right away on the back of a camera. B However, LCDs are not perfect. They can be power hungry, tend to produce washed-out images in bright sunlight and are often thick and inflexible. As a result, several other display technologie
4、s, each with benefits and drawbacks of their own, are starting to appear in consumer-electronics devices. Some of them could give the LCD a run for its money, at least in some areas, by offering crisper images, brighter colours, thinner screens and lower power consumption. C Electronic paper display
5、s, first developed in the 1970s, are finally making their way into a number of products. Appropriately enough, Sony and several other manufacturers are using the technology in portable “e-book“ devices intended to replace books and newspapers. Colour LCDs are grids of tiny shutters, each of which de
6、cides how much light to let through from a “backlight“ behind the screen. Electronic paper, conversely, relies on ambient light from the surroundings, just like ink on paper so electronic-paper displays are sharp and easy to read in bright sunlight. Better still, once the screen has been set to disp
7、lay a page of text, no electrical power is needed to keep it there; power is consumed only when the screen is updated, which can extend the battery life of mobile devices. D The technology is also easy on the eye, says Nico Verplancke of IEBT, a Flemish research institute. Last year he oversaw a tri
8、al of electronic-paper technology carried out by De Tijd, a Belgian newspaper. The newspaper asked 200 readers to evaluate an electronic edition displayed on the iLiad, a device made by iRex Technologies of Eindhoven, in the Netherlands. Their responses to the display were favourable. “The reading e
9、xperience was pretty amazing,“ says Mr Verplancke. “It was very close to reading normal paper.“ E Sony has developed a similar device called the Reader, which went on sale in America last autumn. Like the iLiad, it uses electronic-paper technology from E Ink, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. E Ink
10、s technology has also been used in the Motofone, Motorolas low-cost mobile phone for the developing world, a Seiko wristwatch, a weather-station and a flash-memory stick. And it will appear in a new mobile device with a five inch (13cra) roll-up display that will be introduced in Italy later this ye
11、ar. The “Librofonino“, an e-book reader with a cellular connection for receiving information, was developed by Polymer Vision, based in the Netherlands, and will be sold by Telecom Italia. F A second emerging technology is based on organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Such displays, which are base
12、d on the electroluminescence of organic compounds, are said to be thinner and brighter than LCDs, and offer wider viewing angles. Since they emit light directly, OLED displays do not need a backlight. So far OLED displays have appeared mostly in small devices such as music players and as the seconda
13、ry display on the outside of mobile-phones. Sales of OLED displays in 2006 reached $615m, says Vinita Jakhanwal of iSuppli, a market-research firm. But the technology is improving and annual sales will grow to around $3 billion in 2012, she predicts. G The technologys main drawback is that OLED disp
14、lays only have a lifetime of around 20,000 hours, or a little over two years in continuous use, so they are not yet suitable for use in laptops or TVs. But those working on the technology are optimistic that this problem can be solved. “Every year, the R in the other, a flow of remittances and knowl
15、edge to some of the worlds poorest countries. Circular migration, the commission explains, is away of working with poor countries to avoid a “brain drain“ (e.g. luring expensively trained nurses and doctors from Africa to prop up Europes health services). It is meant to make sure that the brainiest
16、can have spells back home without jeopardising the residence rights they have in Europe. C Mobility partnerships spread this kindly approach to the less skilled. Pilot projects indude opening a job centre in Mall to spread word of job opportunities in Europe, so that adventurous young men can choose
17、 a legal route to work instead of the perilous one of a people-smugglers boat. Being kind is also a marketing tool. Europe has for years struggled to compete with America, Canada and Australia to lure the most sought-after workers. Later this year, the commission is expected to propose its own versi
18、on of the American green card, an EU “blue card“, which would offer free movement around Europe to skilled migrants. D Yet study these proposals with a more hawkish eye, and the EU appears to agree with you too. Circular migration, the commission explains, will be the model for a new piece of legisl
19、ation for seasonal migrants (the low-paid folk hired to pick strawberries in Italy or haul cement on Spanish building-sites). No talk of brains being drained here: rather, there is the promise that “circular stays circular“, to quote one Eurocrat, meaning that foreigners are sure to go home when the
20、ir contracts expire, without any right to bring in their families or to claim welfare benefits. These are “temporary work opportunities“, explained the commissioner for justice, freedom and security, Franco Frattini, as he launched the proposals. E At last, the penny drops: this is a guest-worker pl
21、an, given a spiffy new name to distance it from past Gastarbeiter programmes, with their legacy of Dutch and German housing estates filled with Turkish or Moroccan workers who have never been fully integrated into society, because they were never expected to stay. Ah, but this is different from such
22、 old schemes, explain officials. This time, most will go home. Technology will soon mean that the EU can track visitors in and out of their 27-strong block. If that does not work, perhaps migrants could have part of their salaries withheld during their stay in Europe, for collection only once they r
23、each home. F In case that is not tough enough, there will be sticks and carrots for governments to make sure they take people back. Countries in the developing world that behave themselves will get preferential access to visas for their citizens, and some European money to help with border guards an
24、d fancier passports. In exchange, they would be required to sign agreements to re-admit any of their citizens who turn up illegally in the EU and even, in a big concession, to agree to take back “stateless“ or unidentified migrants who have passed through their territory to reach Europe. If only a f
25、ew African countries were to sign up to deals like this, there could be a big rise in deportations from Europe. G Indeed, is this the secret purpose of the whole project? It seems reasonable to ask the question. After all, most rich EU members have yet to open their labour markets fully to workers f
26、rom ex-communist countries that have recently joined their club. If Polish plumbers give Europes voters the vapours, what chance do Malian migrants have of getting a warm welcome? Ask national advisers about circular migration and some share the cynical view that it is a “small carrot“ to secure tho
27、se valuable re-admission agreements. Visa policy is an exercise in risk analysis, says one: some countries produce more illegal immigrants than others, some are more helpful about taking them back when detected. If the EU negotiates as a block it may find it easier to prod more countries into the he
28、lpful camp. H Yet it is too sweeping to condemn the plan as illiberal. Public opinion is in a distinctly toxic mood towards foreigners (a recent Eurobarometer poll found that only four out of ten EU citizens feel that immigrants “contribute a lot“ to their country). Even talking about a continued ne
29、ed for substantial labour immigration is quite a brave act in todays climate. Gregory Maniatis, an adviser on migration to the German presidency of the EU, argues that terms like circular migration are “very useful“, precisely because rival factions think it is their big idea, and will give them wha
30、t they want. In other words, the contradictions now on display may just facilitate a much-needed debate on the case for immigration. Get that right, and todays muddle might one day make more sense. 14 Questions 14-17 The text has 8 paragraphs (A-H). Which paragraph does each of the following heading
31、s best fit? 14 Attracting Through Kindness 15 New Name, New Measures? 16 Hidden Agenda? 17 African Incentives 18 Questions 18-22 According to the text, FIVE of the following statements are true. Write the corresponding letters in answer boxes 18 to 22 in any order. A. The writer believes that the Eu
32、ropean Commissions latest ideas on immigration dont make sense. B. The EU does not need any more skilled workers from outside the EU. C. The EU has a plan to employ pilots from Africa. D. The EU “blue card“ scheme has not been accepted yet. E. The new scheme will rely on new technology. F. The EU pl
33、ans to make it easier to get visas for citizens of countries that help the EU with its new immigration policies. G. All the new members of the EU are former Communist countries. H. In the EU, there is not much support for immigration from non-EU countries. 23 Questions 23-26 According to the informa
34、tion given in the text, choose the correct answer from the choices given. 23 “Circular migration“ avoids the brain drain problem by （ A） drastically reducing the number of immigrants to the EU. （ B） only allowing new immigrants into the EU when others leave. （ C） sending immigrants home from the EU
35、periodically. 24 Many Turks and Moroccans in Holland and Germany havent integrated because （ A） many Europeans are racists. （ B） the intention was that they would only be there for a short time. （ C） the governments have not provided them with appropriate housing. 25 Olivier Willcox believes that ma
36、ny French-speaking Belgians （ A） cannot learn Dutch. （ B） can learn Dutch easily. （ C） do not want to learn Dutch. 26 Eddy Courtheoux believes that （ A） Brussels is a great place, even though it has dirty streets. （ B） people in Brussels have to learn both Dutch and French. （ C） some job advertiseme
37、nts requiring applicants to speak Dutch and French may be racially motivated. 26 New model police William Bratton, the chief of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), likes to say that “cops count“. They certainly seem to count when Mr Bratton is in charge of them. New York: crime rate withered w
38、hen he ran its police force in the mid-1990s, and Los Angeles has be. come more law-abiding ever since he arrived in 2002. Burglaries are down by a fifth, murders by a third and serious assaults by more than half. The setting for innumerable hard boiled detective novels and violent television dramas
39、 is now safer than Salt Lake City in Utah Yet Los Angeless good fortune is not replicated everywhere. Compared to ten years ago, when crime was in remission across America, the current diagnosis is complex and worrying. Figures released this week by the FBI show that, while property crimes continue
40、to fall, the number of violent crimes has begun to drift upwards. In some places it has soared. Oakland, in northern California, had 145 murders last year more than half again as many as in 2005. No fewer than 406 people died in Philadelphia, putting the murder rate back where it had been in the bad
41、 old days of the early 1990s. The most consistent and striking trend of the past few years is a benign one. Americas three biggest cities are becoming safer. Robberies in Chicago, Los Angeles and New York have tumbled in the past few years, defying the national trend. Indeed, the big cities are now
42、holding down increases in overall crime rates. Between 2000 and 2006, for example, the number of murders in America went up by 7%. Were it not for Chicago, Los Angeles and New York, all of which notched many fewer, the increase would have been 11%. This is especially surprising given the big cities
43、recent woes. Thanks to a cut in starting salaries and poaching by suburban forces, New Yorks police department has lost more than 4,000 officers since 2000. Chicago and Los Angeles also have fewer cops than they did in the late 1990s and the latter has more people. The LAPD labours under a court dec
44、ree, imposed in 2001 following revelations of corruption and brutality, which forces it to spend precious time and money scrutinising itself. The three police forces, though, look increasingly alike when it comes to methods of tackling crime. The new model was pioneered in New York. In the mid-1990s
45、 it began to map crimes, allocate officers accordingly (a strategy known as “putting cops on the dots“) and hold local commanders accountable for crime on their turf. Since 2002 it has flooded high-crime areas with newly qualified officers. The cops methods are sometimes crudepolice stops in New Yor
46、k have increased five-fold in the past five years but highly effective. Crime tends to go down by about a third in the flooded areas, which has a disproportionate impact on the overall tally. In the past few years Chicago and Los Angeles have adopted similar methods: although, having fewer officers,
47、 they are less extravagant with them. The Los Angeles police targered just five hot spots last year. Both cities have put local commanders in charge of curting crime on their patches and, like New York, they are moving beyond putting cops on the dots. They now try to anticipate where crimes will occ
48、ur based on gang intelligence. Wesley Skogan, a criminologist at Northwestern University, reckons such methods are the most likely cause of the continued drop in big-city crime. He has diligently tested most of the explanations proffered for Chicagos falling crime rate and has been able to rubbish m
49、ost of them. Locking lots of people up, for example, may well have helped cut crime a decade ago, but it cant account for the trend of the past few years: the number of Chicagoans behind bars has declined since 1999. The police simply seem to be doing a better job of deterring lawlessness. The big cities methods may sound obvious, yet they are surprisingly rare. Many police forces are not divided into neighbourhood units. Oaklands struggling force, for example, is organised into three daily shifts, or “watches“, which makes it hard to ho
