[外语类试卷]雅思(阅读)模拟试卷53及答案与解析.doc
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1、雅思(阅读)模拟试卷 53及答案与解析 一、 Reading Module (60 minutes) 0 A spark, a flint: How fire leapt to lifeThe control of fire was the first and perhaps greatest of humanitys steps towards a life-enhancing technology To early man, fire was a divine gift randomly delivered in the form of lightning, forest fire or
2、burning lava. Unable to make flame for themselves, the earliest peoples probably stored fire by keeping slowburning logs alight or by carrying charcoal in pots. How and where man learnt how to produce flame at will is unknown. It was probably a secondary invention, accidentally made during tool-maki
3、ng operations with wood or stone. Studies of primitive societies suggest that the earliest method of making fire was through friction. European peasants would insert a wooden drill in a round hole and rotate it briskly between their palms. This process could be speeded up by wrapping a cord around t
4、he drill and pulling on each end. The Ancient Greeks used lenses or concave mirrors to concentrate the suns rays and burning glasses were also used by Mexican Aztecs and the Chinese. Percussion methods of firelighting date back to Paleolithic times, when some Stone Age tool-makers discovered that ch
5、ipping flints produced sparks. The technique became more efficient after the discovery of iron, about 5000 years ago. In Arctic North America, the Eskimos produced a slow-burning spark by striking quartz against iron pyrites, a compound that contains sulphur. The Chinese lit their fires by striking
6、porcelain with bamboo. In Europe, the combination of steel, flint and tinder remained the main method of fire-lighting until the mid-19th century. Fire-lighting was revolutionised by the discovery of phosphorus, isolated in 1669 by a German alchemist trying to transmute silver into gold. Impressed b
7、y the elements combustibility, several 17th century chemists used it to manufacture firelighting devices, but the results were dangerously inflammable. With phosphorus costing the equivalent of several hundred pounds per ounce, the first matches were expensive. The quest for a practical match really
8、 began after 1781 when a group of French chemists came up with the Phosphoric Candle or Ethereal Match, a sealed glass tube containing a twist of paper tipped with phosphorus. When the tube was broken, air rushed in, causing the phosphorus to self-combust. An even more hazardous device, popular in A
9、merica, was the Instantaneous Light Box a bottle filled with sulphuric acid into which splints treated with chemicals were dipped. The first matches resembling those used today were made in 1827 by John Walker, an English pharmacist who borrowed the formula from a military rocket-maker called Congre
10、ve. Costing a shilling a box, Congreves were splints coated with sulphur and tipped with potassium chlorate. To light them, the user drew them quickly through folded glass paper. Walker never patented his invention, and three years later it was copied by a Samuel Jones, who marketed his product as L
11、ucifers. About the same time, a French chemistry student called Charles Sauria produced the first strike-anywhere match by substituting white phosphorus for the potassium chlorate in the Walker formula. However, since white phosphorus is a deadly poison, from 1845 matchmakers exposed to its fumes su
12、ccumbed to necrosis, a disease that eats away jaw-bones. It wasnt until 1906 that the substance was eventually banned. That was 62 years after a Swedish chemist called Pasch had discovered non-toxic red or amorphous phosphorus, a development exploited commercially by Paschs compatriot J E Lundstrom
13、in 1885. Lundstroms safety matches were safe because the red phosphorus was non-toxic; it was painted on to the striking surface instead of the match tip, which contained potassium chlorate with a relatively high ignition temperature of 182 degrees centigrade. America lagged behing Europe in match t
14、echnology and safety standards. It wasnt until 1900 that the Diamond Match Company bought a French patent for safety matches but the formula did not work properly in the different climatic conditions prevailing in America and it was another 11 years before scientists finally adapted the French paten
15、t for the US. The Americans, however, can claim several firsts in match technology and marketing. In 1892 the Diamond Match Company pioneered book matches. The innovation didnt catch on until after 1896, when a brewery had the novel idea of advertising its product in match books. Today book matches
16、are the most widely used type in the US, with 90 percent handed out free by hotels, restaurants and others. Other American innovations include an an-tiafterglow solution to prevent the match from smouldering after it has been blown out; and the waterproof match, which lights after eight hours in wat
17、er.Questions 1-8Complete the summary below. Choose your answers from the box at the bottom of the page and write them in boxes 1 - 8 on your answer sheet.NB There are more words than spaces so you will not use them all. You may use any of the words more than once. EARLY FIRE-LIGHTING METHODSPrimitiv
18、e societies saw fire as a _(Example)_ .gift. Answer heavenly They tried to【 R1】 _ burning logs or charcoal【 R2】 _ that they could create fire themselves. It is suspected that the first man-made flames were produced by【 R3】_The very first fire-lighting methods involved the creation of【 R4】 _by, for e
19、xample, rapidly【 R5】 _a wooden stick in a round hole. The use of【 R6】_or persistent chipping was also widespread in Europe and among other peoples such as the Chinese and【 R7】 _ European practice of this method continued until the 1850s【 R8】 _the discovery of phosphorus some years earlier.List of Wo
20、rdsMexicans random rotatingdespite preserve realisingsunlight lacking heavenlypercussion chance frictionunaware without makeheating Eskimos surpriseduntil smoke 1 【 R1】 2 【 R2】 3 【 R3】 4 【 R4】 5 【 R5】 6 【 R6】 7 【 R7】 8 【 R8】 8 Look at the following notes that have been made about the matches describ
21、ed in Reading Passage 1. Decide which type of match(A - H)corresponds with each description and write your answer in boxes 9 15 on your answer sheet. NB There are more matches than descriptions so you will not use them all. You may use any match more than once. Example Answer could be lit after soak
22、ing in water H NOTES Types of Matches (A)the Ethereal Match (B)the Instantaneous Lightbox (C)Congreves (D)Lucifers (E)the first strike-anywhere match (F)Lundstroms safety match (G)book matches (H)waterproof matches 9 made using a less poisonous type of phosphorus 10 identical to a previous type of m
23、atch 11 caused a deadly illness 12 first to look like modern matches 13 first matches used for advertising 14 relied on an airtight glass container 15 made with the help of an army design 15 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 16 - 28 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Zoo conser
24、vation programmes One of London Zoos recent advertisements caused me some irritation, so patently did it distort reality. Headlined Without zoos you might as well tell these animals to get stuffed, it was bordered with illustrations of several endangered species and went on to extol the myth that wi
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