1、雅思（阅读）模拟试卷 87及答案与解析 0 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Sport Science in Australia The professional career paths available to graduates from courses relating to human movement and sport science are as diverse as the graduates imagination
2、. However, undergraduate courses with this type of content, in Australia as well as in most other Western countries, were originally designed as preparation programmes for Physical Education (PE)teachers. The initial programmes commenced soon after the conclusion of World War II in the mid-1940s. On
3、e of the primary motives for these initiatives was the fact that, during the war effort, so many of the men who were assessed for military duty had been declared unfit. The government saw the solution in the providing of Physical Education programmes in schools, delivered by better prepared and spec
4、ifically educated PE teachers. Later, in the 1970s and early 1980s, the surplus of Australians graduating with a PE degree obliged institutions delivering this qualification to identify new employment opportunities for their graduates, resulting in the first appearance of degrees catering for recrea
5、tion professionals. In many instances, this diversity of programme delivery merely led to degrees, delivered by physical educators, as a sideline activity to the production of PE teachers. Whilst the need to produce Physical Education teachers remains a significant social need, and most developed so
6、cieties demand the availability of quality leisure programmes for their citizens, the career options of graduates within this domain are still developing. The two most evident growth domains are in the area of the professional delivery of sport, and the role of a physical lifestyle for community hea
7、lth. The sports industry is developing at an unprecedented rate of growth. From a business perspective, sport is now seen as an area with the potential for high returns. It is quite significant that the businessman Rupert Murdoch broadened his business base from media to sport, having purchased an A
8、merican baseball team and an Australian Rugby League competition, as well as seeking opportunities to invest in an English football club. No business person of such international stature would see fit to invest in sport unless he was satisfied that this was a sound business venture with ideal revenu
9、e-generating opportunities. These developments have confirmed sport as a business with professional management structures, marketing processes, and development strategies in place. They have indicated new and developing career paths for graduates of human movement science, sport science, exercise sc
10、ience and related degrees. Graduates can now visualise career paths extending into such diverse domains as sport management, sport marketing, event and facility management, government policy development pertaining to sport, sport journalism, sport psychology, and sport or athletic coaching. Business
11、 leaders will only continue their enthusiasm for sport if they receive returns for their money. Such returns will only be forthcoming if astute, enthusiastic and properly educated professionals are delivering the programs that earn appropriate financial returns. The successful universities of the 21
12、st century will be those that have responded to this challenge by delivering such degrees. A second professional growth area for this group of graduates is associated with community health. The increasing demand for government expenditure within health budgets is reaching the stage where most govern
13、ments are simply unable to function in a manner that is satisfying their constituents. One of the primary reasons for this problem is the unhelpful emphasis on treatment in medical care programmes. Governments have traditionally given their senior health official the title of Minister for Health, wh
14、en in fact this officer has functioned as Minister for Sickness and the Construction of Hospitals. Government focus simply has to change. If the change is not brought about for philosophical reasons, it will occur naturally, because insufficient funding will be available to address the ever-increasi
15、ng costs of medical support. Graduates of human movement, exercise science and sport science have the potential to become major players in this shift in policy focus. It is these graduates who already have the skills, knowledge and understanding to initiate community health education programmes to r
16、educe cardio-vascular disease, to reduce medical dependency upon diabetes, to improve workplace health leading to increased productivity, to initiate and promote programmes of activity for the elderly that reduce medical dependency, and to maintain an active lifestyle for the unemployed and disadvan
17、taged groups in society. This is the graduate that governments will be calling upon to shift the community focus from medical dependency to healthy lifestyles in the decades ahead. The career paths of these graduates are developing at a pace that is not evident in other professions. The contribution
18、 that these graduates can make to society, and the recognition of this contribution is at an unprecedented high, and all indications are that it will continue to grow. Questions 1-5 Complete the flow chart below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. The history of sports a
19、nd physical science in Australia A lot of people identified as being 【 R1】 _ Introduction of PE to 【 R2】 _ Special training programmes for 【 R3】 _ 【 R4】 _of PE graduates Identification of alternative 【 R5】 _ Diversification of course delivery 1 【 R1】 2 【 R2】 3 【 R3】 4 【 R4】 5 【 R5】 5 Do the followin
20、g statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? Write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 6 Sport is generally regarded as a profitable area for investment. 7 Rupert Murd
21、och has a personal as well as a business interest in sport. 8 The range of career opportunities available to sport graduates is increasing. 9 The interests of business and the interests of universities are linked. 10 Governments have been focusing too much attention on preventative medicine. 11 It i
22、s inevitable that government priorities for health spending will change. 12 Existing degree courses are unsuitable for careers in community health. 13 Funding for sport science and related degrees has been increased considerably. 13 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are bas
23、ed on Reading Passage 2 below. An assessment of micro-wind turbines A In terms of micro-renewable energy sources suitable for private use, a 15-kilowatt (kW)turbine* is at the biggest end of the spectrum. With a nine metre diameter and a pole as high as a four-storey house, this is the most efficien
24、t form of wind micro-turbine, and the sort of thing you could install only if you had plenty of space and money. According to one estimate, a 15-kW micro-turbine (thats one with the maximum output), costing 41,000 to purchase and a further 9,000 to install, is capable of delivering 25,000 kilowatt-h
25、ours (kWh)* of electricity each year if placed on a suitably windy site. B I dont know of any credible studies of the greenhouse gas emissions involved in producing and installing turbines, so my estimates here are going to be even broader than usual. However, it is worth trying. If turbine manufact
26、ure is about as carbon intensive per pound sterling of product as other generators and electrical motors, which seems a reasonable assumption, the carbon intensity of manufacture will be around 640 kilograms (kg)per 1,000 of value. Installation is probably about as carbon intensive as typical constr
27、uction, at around 380 kg per 1,000. That makes the carbon footprint (the total amount of greenhouse gases that installing a turbine creates)30 tonnes. C The carbon savings from wind-powered electricity generation depend on the carbon intensity of the electricity that youre replacing. Lets assume tha
28、t your generation replaces the coal-fuelled part of the countrys energy mix. In other words, if you live in the UK, lets say that rather than replacing typical grid electricity, which comes from a mix of coal, gas, oil and renewable energy sources, the effect of your turbine is to reduce the use of
29、coal-fired power stations. Thats reasonable, because coal is the least preferable source in the electricity mix. In this case the carbon saving is roughly one kilogram per kWh, so you save 25 tonnes per year and pay back the embodied carbon in just 14 months a great start. D The UK government has re
30、cently introduced a subsidy for renewable energy that pays individual producers 24p per energy unit on top of all the money they save on their own fuel bill, and on selling surplus electricity back to the grid at approximately 5p per unit. With all this taken into account, individuals would get back
31、 7,250 per year on their investment. That pays back the costs in about six years. It makes good financial sense and, for people who care about the carbon savings for their own sake, it looks like a fantastic move. The carbon investment pays back in just over a year, and every year after that is a 25
32、-tonne carbon saving. (Its important to remember that all these sums rely on a wind turbine having a favourable location.) E So, at face value, the turbine looks like a great idea environmentally, and a fairly good long-term investment economically for the person installing it. However, there is a c
33、rucial perspective missing from the analysis so far. Has the government spent its money wisely? It has invested 24p per unit into each micro-turbine. That works out at a massive 250 per tonne of carbon saved. My calculations tell me that had the government invested its money in offshore wind farms,
34、instead of subsidising smaller domestic turbines, they would have broken even after eight years. In other words, the micro-turbine works out as a good investment for individuals, but only because the government spends, and arguably wastes, so much money subsidising it. Carbon savings are far lower t
35、oo. F Nevertheless, although the micro-wind turbine subsidy doesnt look like the very best way of spending government resources on climate change mitigation, we are talking about investing only about 0.075 percent per year of the nations GDP to get a one percent reduction in carbon emissions, which
36、is a worthwhile benefit. In other words, it could be much better, but it could be worse. In addition, such investment helps to promote and sustain developing technology. G There is one extra favourable way of looking at the micro-wind turbine, even if it is not the single best way of investing money
37、 in cutting carbon. Input-output modelling has told us that it is actually quite difficult to spend money without having a negative carbon impact. So if the subsidy encourages people to spend their money on a carbon-reducing technology such as a wind turbine, rather than on carbon-producing goods li
38、ke cars, and services such as overseas holidays, then the reductions in emissions will be greater than my simple sums above have suggested. * a type of engine * a unit for measuring electrical power Reading Passage 2 has SEVEN paragraphs, A-G. Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the l
39、ist of headings below. Write the correct number, i-ix. List of Headings i A better use for large sums of money. ii The environmental costs of manufacture and installation. iii Estimates of the number of micro-turbines in use. iv The environmental benefits of running a micro-turbine. v The size and o
40、utput of the largest type of micro-turbine. vi A limited case for subsidising micro-turbines. vii Recent improvements in the design of micro-turbines. viii An indirect method of reducing carbon emissions. ix The financial benefits of running a micro-turbine. 14 Paragraph A_ 15 Paragraph B_ 16 Paragr
41、aph C_ 17 Paragraph D_ 18 Paragraph E_ 19 Paragraph F_ 20 Paragraph G_ 20 Choose TWO letters, A-E. The list below contains some possible statements about micro wind-turbines. Which TWO of these statements are made by the writer of the passage? A In certain areas, permission is required to install th
42、em. B Their exact energy output depends on their position. C They probably take less energy to make than other engines. D The UK government contributes towards their purchase cost. E They can produce more energy than a household needs. 22 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS
43、 from the passage for each answer. 23 _would be a more effective target for government investment than micro-turbines. 24 An indirect benefit of subsidising micro-turbines is the support it provides for_. 25 Most spending has a_effect on the environment. 26 If people buy a micro-turbine, they have l
44、ess money to spend on things like foreign holidays and_. 26 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Pottery production in ancient Akrotiri Excavations at the site of prehistoric Akrotiri, on the coast of the Aegean Sea, have revealed much abo
45、ut the technical aspects of pottery manufacture, indisputably one of the basic industries of this Greek city. However, considerably less is known about the socio-economic context and the way production was organised. The bulk of pottery found at Akrotiri is locally made, and dates from the late fift
46、eenth century BC. It clearly fulfilled a vast range of the settlements requirements: more than fifty different types of pots can be distinguished. The pottery found includes a wide variety of functional types like storage jars, smaller containers, pouring vessels, cooking pots, drinking vessels and
47、so on, which all relate to specific activities and which would have been made and distributed with those activities in mind. Given the large number of shapes produced and the relatively high degree of standardisation, it has generally been assumed that most, if not all, of Akrotiri pottery was produ
48、ced by specialised craftsmen in a non-domestic context. Unfortunately neither the potters workshops nor kilns have been found within the excavated area. The reason may be that the ceramic workshops were located on the periphery of the site, which has not yet been excavated. In any event, the ubiquit
49、y of the pottery, and the consistent repetition of the same types in different sizes, suggest production on an industrial scale. The Akrotirian potters seem to have responded to pressures beyond their households, namely to the increasing complexity of regional distribution and exchange systems. We can imagine them as full-time craftsmen working permanently in a high production-rate craft such as pottery manufacture, and supporting themselves entirely from the proceeds of th
