1、2007年中国人民大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析 一、填空题 1 Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the_it is associated with. 2 _is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix
2、of a longer form already present in the language. For example, the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the supposed derivational suffix -or. 3 Some morphemes like -ish, -ness, -ly, -dis, trans-, un-, are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are_morphemes. 4
3、 _can be denied as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 5 One of the important distinctions in linguistics is_and parole. The former is the French word for “language“, which is the abstract knowledge necess
4、ary for speaking, listening, writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 6 H. P. Grice believes that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversa
5、tion. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle. According to the maxim of_: Do not say what you believe to be false or for which you lack evidence. In other words, speak truthfully; do not lie. 7 _proposes that every speaker knows a set of principles which apply to all languages and also a se
6、t of parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only within certain limits. 8 _refers to varieties of a language used by individual speakers, with peculiarities of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. In fact, no two speakers speak exactly the same dialect. Each speaker has certain
7、 characteristic features of his own in his way of speaking. 9 According to_period hypothesis, in child development there is a period during which language can be acquired more easily than at any other time. The period lasts until puberty(around age 12 or 13 years), and is due to biological developme
8、nt. 10 _refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses. 二、简答题 11 Explain criterion-referenced and norm-referenced language tests. 12 Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas. 13 One
9、famous scholar says that language is an interesting subject to study on its own right, for the simple reason that everybody uses it every day. It is unbelievable that we know very little about something we are so familiar with. Just a few questions will arouse your interest in language. Why should w
10、e call the thing we sit on chair? Cant we call chair table and table chair? How is it that children dont seem to make a big effort in learning their first language while we adults have to work very hard to learn a second language? Why can we talk about yesterday and last year while cats and dogs nev
11、er seem to make noises about their past experience? Do you think we can think as clearly without language as with language? Does language determine what we think or thought determines what we say? These questions make us curious about language and linguistics can satisfy our curiosity. To seek the a
12、nswer to any of these questions is a good reason for studying linguistics. 2007年中国人民大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析 一、填空题 1 【正确答案】 meaning 【试题解析】 本题考查语言的定义特点之一 任意性，答案从语言学教程(修订版 ) (胡壮麟主编 )(以下简称教程 )第 4页可以找到，同时，考生也应掌握语言的二层性、多产性和移位性。 2 【正确答案】 Backformation 【试题解析】 本题考查构词法中的逆向构词法定义，答案参见教程第 100页。同时，考生也应掌握其他构词方法如发明、混合
13、、词缀、缩略等。 3 【正确答案】 bound 【试题解析】 本题考查黏着语素的定义，答案参照教程第 85页。同时，考生也应了解自由语素、词根和词缀等概念。 4 【正确答案】 Pragmatics 【试题解析】 本题考查语用学的定义，答案参照教程第 20页。考生也应知道语言学其他分支学科的概念。 5 【正确答案】 langue 【试题解析】 本题考查语言和言语的概念和区别，答案参照教程第 24-25页，考生也应掌握描写与规定、共时与历时等语言学研究中的重要区分。 6 【正确答案】 quality 【试 题解析】 本题考查合作原则中的质量准则，答案参照教程第 253页，考生还应把握其他准则内容。
14、 7 【正确答案】 Chomsky 【试题解析】 本题考查 Chomsky对语言习得机制的理解，答案参照教程第452页，考生还应把握转换生成语法的历史演变。 8 【正确答案】 Idiolect 【试题解析】 本题考查个人方言的定义，答案参照语言研究第 244页，考生还应把握方言、地域方言、时间方言和标准方言等语言变体概念。 9 【正确答案】 critical 【试题解析】 本题考查 关键期假说，答案参照语言研究第 171页。 10 【正确答案】 Cohesion 【试题解析】 本题考查衔接的定义，答案参照语言研究第 140页，考生还应把握衔接与连贯的区别及其表现手段。 二、简答题 11 【正确
15、答案】 Later in 1971, Glaser and Nitko made clear and simple definition for Criterion-referenced Test(CRT): A criterion-referenced test is one that is deliberately constructed to yield measurements that are directly interpretable in terms of specified performance standards. Performance standards are ge
16、nerally specified by defining a class or domain of tasks that should be performed by the individual. A norm-referenced test(NRT)is a type of test which determines a students placement on a normal distribution curve. Students compete against each other on this type of assessment. This is what is bein
17、g referred to with the phrase, “grading on a curve“. Norm-referenced tests are more concerned with spreading individuals along with an ability continuum, the normal curve, than with the nature of the task to be attained, which is the focus of criterion-referenced tests. 【试题解析】 本题考查测试中的标准参照考试和常模参照考试，
18、答案可参照网址： http： en wikipedia org wiki Criterion referenced_test http：en wikipedia.org wiki Norm referenced_test 12 【正确答案】 G. Leech(1981)categorizes seven kinds of meaning, five of which are brought under the “associative meaning“. 1)Conceptual meaning: logical, cognitive or denotative content. 2)Conn
19、otative meaning: what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. 3)Social meaning: what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use. 4)Affective meaning: what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. 5)Reflected meaning: what is communicated thr
20、ough association with another sense of the same expression. 6)Collocative meaning: what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. 7)Thematic meaning: what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and e
21、mphasis. For example, the conceptual meaning of “woman“ is “a female human“. The connotative meaning of “woman“ is “gentle, nice, etc.“ in some cultures. The affective meaning of “woman“ is “a person regarded as attractive and friendly but a humiliated person in some cultures“. The word “woman“ can
22、be in collocation with “beautiful, pretty, nice, friendly, etc.“ 【试题解析】 本题考查 Leech区分的七种意义，答案参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 159-160页。 13 【正确答案】 Linguistics is a usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language. Linguistics is a rich and exciting field and has firmly
23、established its place as a major branch of social science. As a recognized academic subject, it is an area with immense research potential, and a scholarly “industry“. The justification for these booming ventures should be obvious. Language is so valuable to the individual, so critical to the effici
24、ent functioning of human societies, and in itself so impressively intricate and profound in structure, that is bound to attract a great amount of intellectual attention. And since this attention must produce studies which have practical importance(e.g. in speech therapy, education, techniques of tra
25、nslation and many more “applied“ concerns), linguistics is bound to be an academically and economically favoured pursuit. It is also a subject of theoretical importance, for one thing, structuralism originating from Saussures views has influenced many other related social sciences such literary studies and social studies. In China the study of language has a long history but modern linguistics still has a long way to go to enjoy a “boom“. 【试题解析】 本题考查语言学学习的重要性和意义。答案可参照语言学教程(修订版 )第 16-17页总结。
