1、2008年大连外国语学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析 一、判断题 1 “Language operates by rules“ is a fundamental view about language. （ A） True （ B） False 2 The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. （ A） True （ B） False 3 The bow-wow theory is a theory on the origin of language. （ A） True （ B
2、） False 4 Syntax refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language. （ A） True （ B） False 5 When the vocal folds are apart. The air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced. （ A） True （ B） False 6 The sound segments are gr
3、ouped into consonants and vowels. （ A） True （ B） False 7 Uvular is made with the back of the tongue and the uvula. （ A） True （ B） False 8 Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some morphological resemblance. （ A） True （ B） False 9 A syllable can be divided into two par
4、ts, the NUCLEUS and the CODA . （ A） True （ B） False 10 Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure. （ A） True （ B） False 11 Free morpheme may constitute words by themselves. （ A） True （ B） False 12 INVENTION is a form of compounding, in which two words ar
5、e blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. （ A） True （ B） False 13 In English, nouns have three cases nominative, accusative and genitive. （ A） True （ B） False 14 According to Saussure, the relation
6、 between the signified and the signifier is arbitrary. （ A） True （ B） False 15 Anaphor is used in a broad sense to include only reflexive like “myself“ and reciprocals like “each other“. （ A） True （ B） False 16 The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words
7、and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of COMPOSITIONALITY. （ A） True （ B） False 17 When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual, the meaning is sometimes referred to as speakers meaning, or contextual meaning. （ A） True （ B） False 18 Metonymy is a
8、 kind of figurative language which is usually classed as a type of synecdoche. It refers to using the name of part of an object to talk about the whole thing, and vice versa, as the use of “hands“ in “We are short of hands“. （ A） True （ B） False 19 AUTHORIAL STYLE looks closely at how linguistic cho
9、ices help to construct textual meaning. When we examine it, we will need to examine linguistic choices which are intrinsically connected with meaning and effect on the reader. （ A） True （ B） False 20 The structural syllabus does not have a strong linguistic basis. The aim of the structural syllabus
10、is specifying the situations in which the target language is used. （ A） True （ B） False 二、填空题 21 Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and C_of language makes learning a language laborious. For learners of a foreign language, it is this feature of language that is more worth notic
11、ing than its arbitrariness. 22 The principle of A_Creation can account for the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation of some English verbs. 23 The principle of R is defined as “Every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevan
12、ce“. 24 V_is the degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure. 25 C Analysis in computational linguistics is concerned with describing the contents of documents in a form suitable for computer processing. 26 C are two lines of verse, usually connected by a rhyme. 27 By n_is meant that
13、 a conversational implicature is attached to the semantic content of what is said, not to the linguistic form. 28 Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called p_. 29 The r_t
14、heory is a theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for. 30 Endocentric constructions may be divided into two subtypes s and coordinate constructions. 三、单项选择题 31 Which of the following statement is NOT true? （ A） Language is a means of vocal communica
15、tion. （ B） Language is instrumental. （ C） Language is social and conventional. 32 Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? （ A） Arbitrariness （ B） Convention （ C） Duality 33 The functions of language do NOT include_. （ A） informative function （ B） interpersonal function （
16、 C） metacognitive function 34 Which of the following is a main branch of linguistics? （ A） Macrolinguistics. （ B） Psycholinguistics. （ C） Socio Unguis tics 35 Saussure is closely connected with . （ A） Langue （ B） Competence （ C） Etic 36 The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in spee
17、ch is closely connected with . （ A） articulatory phonetics （ B） acoustic phonetics （ C） auditory phonetics 37 The categories of consonant are NOT established on the basis of_. （ A） manners of articulation （ B） place of articulation （ C） narrow transcription 38 Which of the following CANNOT be consid
18、ered as minimal pair? （ A） /ai/-/ i/ （ B） /p/-/b/ （ C） /s/-/ 39 Which of the following are NOT instances of ASSIMILATION? （ A） Nasalization （ B） Dentalization （ C） Variation 40 In a syllable, a vowel often serves as_. （ A） Peak or Nucleus （ B） Onset （ C） Coda 41 In terms of the meaning expressed by
19、words, they can be classified into_. （ A） grammatical words and lexical words （ B） content words and lexical words （ C） grammatical words and function words 42 _other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes. （ A） Polymorphemic words （ B） Bound morphemes （ C） Free morphemes 43 Which two
20、terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table tables, day+break daybreak. （ A） inflection and compound （ B） compound and derivation （ C） inflection and derivation 44 Which of the following is NOT a process of the lexical change? （ A） INVENTION. （ B） ACRONYM. （ C） LEXICON. 45 The struct
21、ural approach to the analysis of language is connected with_. （ A） THEME and RHEME （ B） GOVERNMENT and BINDING （ C） IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS 46 Which of the following is NOT included in G. Leechs seven types of meaning? （ A） Connotative meaning. （ B） Denotative meaning. （ C） Conceptual meaning
22、. 47 There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, sameness relation, opposite-ness relation and inclusiveness relation. They are represented by_respectively. （ A） synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy （ B） synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy （ C） antonymy, synonymy, and hyponymy 48 _studie
23、s the internal structure of simple propositions. （ A） Predicate calculus （ B） Propositional calculus （ C） Sentential calculus 49 According to Garrett, the errors that demonstrate forward planning in speech production include all the following EXCEPT_. （ A） spoonerism （ B） anticipation error （ C） gra
24、mmatical error 50 Four categories of Maxims in Grices Cooperative Principle include all the following EXCEPT_. （ A） Manner （ B） Relation （ C） Qualification 四、匹配题 50 Match etch term to Column A with one relevant item in Column B60 Match each name or term in Column A with a relevant item in Column B五、
25、名词解释 71 Creativity(5 points) 72 Cardinal Vowels(5 points) 73 Semantic Triangle(5 points) 74 Cohort Theory(5 points) 75 CAL(5 points) 76 Communicative Competence(5 points) 六 、写作题 77 Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects.(8 points) 78 Illu
26、strate “Immediate Constituent Analysis“.(8 points) 79 Illustrate the significance of studying speech Sounds in linguistics.(8 points) 80 Illustrate the Q-and R-principles.(8 points) 81 Illustrate at least four major linguistic views and their significance in language learning and teaching.(8 points)
27、 2008年大连外国语学院英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析 一、判断题 1 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题考查关于语言的一些基 本看法。关于语言的基本看法有很多，如儿童学习母语非常迅速、有效，无需什么教育；语言依循一定的规律运行；语言在缓慢地变化；每个人都说一种方言等。 2 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题考查语言的本质特征定义。决定了我们人类语言性质的特征被称为本质特征。如任意性、二重性、创造性和移位性等。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 4-8页。 3 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题考查语言起源的理论。关于语言的起源，有一些著名的理论。如 bowwow理论，噗噗 (
28、pooh-pooh)理论和 “哟 -嗬 -哟 ”理论等。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 9-10页。 4 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题考查句法的定义。在语言学上，句法研究语言中词组合成句子的支配规则，或者简单地说，是研究句子的构造。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 115页。 5 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题考查语音中的清、浊音。当声带分离时，空气容易通过，由此产生的语音叫做 “清音 ”。当声带贴近时，气流使其产生震动，形成的声音称为 “浊音 ”。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 34页。 6 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题考查音段。在语音方面，音段可分成辅
29、音和元音两类。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 39页。 7 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题考查小舌音。在语音方面，小舌音产生于舌后和小舌处。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 43页。 8 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题考查语音相近。语音相近是说一个音位的音位变体语音上必须相似，对其形态并无要求。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 59页。 9 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题考查音节。音节可以分 成两个部分，韵基 (the rhyme)和节首(the onset)，韵基中的元音是核心 (the nucleus)，它后面的辅音用术语韵尾 (the coda)来表示。答
30、案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 69页。 10 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题考查词的稳定性。就其内部结构来说，跟句子层面成分相对的位置灵活性相比，词是所有语言单位中最稳定的，复合词的组成成分一般不能重新调整次序。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 78页。 11 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题考查自由语素。能 单独出现也就是能独自成词的语素是自由语素。如 dog， nation等是自由语素。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 85页。 12 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题考查造词法中的混成法的定义。混成法是一种相对复杂的混合形式，由两个单词混合而成，一般是把第一个单
31、词的开头部分和第二个单词的最后部分连接起来，或者是把两个单词的开头部分连接起来。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 97页。 13 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题考查传统语法中的格。英语里，代词有三种格：主格、宾格和属格。但 是名词只有两种格：普通格和属格。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 116页。 14 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题考查索绪尔任意性的阐述。索绪尔认为语言是一个符号系统，每个符号由两个部分组成：所指 (signified)(概念 )和能指 (signifier)(音响形象 )。这两者之间的关系是任意的。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 119页 . 1
32、5 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题考查照应语的概念。照应语这个术语在约束理论中要作狭义的理解，只包括反身代词如 myself和相互代词如 each other。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 145页。 16 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题考查组合原则。句子意义通常由成分词的意义及其组合方式所决定的观点通常叫做组合原则。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 174页。 17 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 本题考查语境意义。当使用的句子的意义并不是其概念意义时，这种意义有时称为 “说话者意义 ”， “语句意义 ”或者 “语境意义 ”。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 24
33、6页。 18 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析 】 本题考查提喻的概念。提喻通常被视为转喻的一种，是指用事物一部分的名称来指代整个事物，反之亦然。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第288页。 19 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题考查文本的风格。文本风格跟语言的选择如何帮助组织文本的意义紧密相关。当我们观察文本风格的时候，需要观察其语言的选择。这些选择从本质上说是与意义相联系并影响读者的。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第306307页。 20 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 本题考查情景教学大纲。情景教学大纲并没有一个坚实 的语言学基础。该大纲的目标是区分不同的情景以及在不同情景中对目标
34、语言的使用。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 360页。 二、填空题 21 【正确答案】 Conventionality 【试题解析】 本题考查任意性和约定性。语言学上的符号和它的意义之间存在着约定俗成的关系。任意性赋予语言潜在的创造力，而语言的约定性又使学习语言变得费力。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 5-6页。 22 【正确答案】 Analogical 【试题解析】 本题考查类推构词。类推构词可以解释某些英语动词 同时具有规则的和不规则的两种变化形式的现象。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 100-101页。 23 【正确答案】 Relevance 【试题解析】 本题考查关联
35、理论的定义。 Sperber the best fitting word may be chosen if no single candidate is a clear winner. 【试题解析】 本题考查语言认知中的集群理论，答案参照教程第 135页或教程练习册第 37页。考生也应了解交互模型、竞争模型、识解、图形 -背景、射体一界标等当前认知语言学中的重要概念。 75 【正确答案】 Computer-assisted language learning refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a sec
36、ond or foreign language. According to Richards et al(1998), it may take the form of: activities which parallel learning through other media but which use the facilities of the computer; activities which are extensions or adaptations of print-based or classroom based activities; actitivities which ar
37、e unique to CALL. 【试题解析】 本题考查计算机辅助学习的定义。计算机辅助语言学习，指的是将计算机运用到第二语言或外语的教 学中去。答案可参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第322页。 76 【正确答案】 To expand the concept of competence,D.H. Hymes proposes communicative competence, which has four components: possibility, feasibility, appropriateness and performance. In Hymes view, the learn
38、er acquires knowledge of sentences not only as grammatical but also as appropriate. It stresses the context in which an utterance occurs, which also leads to a concentration on discourse, in Hymes term linguistic routines the sequential organization beyond sentences. 【试题解析】 本题考查 Hymes的交际能力。 Hymes着眼于
39、研究个人和社团的各种说话方式，从社会文化的角度出发研究语言，提出了交际能力的概念。 六、写作题 77 【正确答案】 New words or expressions are created through the following processes, apart from compound and derivation. (1)Invention Since economic activities are the most important and dynamic in human life, many new lexical items come directly from the c
40、onsumer items, their producers or their brand names, such as Kodak, Coke, nylon, Xeros Frigidaire, granola, and others to cope with the Invention of new entities. (2)Blending Blending is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first
41、 word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words. For example, transfer + resister transistor; smoke + fog smog. Blending can also occur at a high cognitive level. From the similarity in the two expressions She was on the verge of a crackup and she was on
42、 the verge of breakdown, the confusion of crack up and break down leads to the coining of crackdown. The same is true of riffle(ripple + shuffle), and rampacious(rampageous + rapacious). This sort of blending is labeled specially as fusion. (3)Abbreviation A great number of English words have underg
43、one the process of abbreviation in their etymological history. It is also called clipping, that is, a new word is created by cutting the final part(or with a slight variation)(eg. advertisementad), or cutting the initial part(eg. aeroplanesplane), or cutting both the initial and final parts accordin
44、gly(eg. influenzaflu). Abbreviation is also popular in educational domain, such as chem for chemistry, exam for examination, gym for gymnasium, lab for laboratory, math for mathematics, etc. (4)Acronym Acronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modi
45、fied headword. CIA, WTO, WHO, FBI are the examples. This process is also widely used in shortening extremely long words of word groups in science, technology and other special fields. For example, Aidsacquired immune d eficiency syndrome; Radarradio detecting and ranging; MANIACmathematical analyzer
46、 numerical integrator and computer; COBOLcommon business oriented language; WASPwhite Anglo -Saxon protestant; VATvalue added tax. (5)Back-formation Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter Word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in
47、 the language. Take televise for example, the word television predated the occurrence of the word televise. The first part of the word television was pulled out and analyzed as a root, even though no such root occurs elsewhere in the English language. For example, enthusiasmenthuse; ganglinggangle;
48、editoredit; peddlerpeddle; hawkerhawk; laseriase; calmativecalm. (6)Analogical creation The principle of Analogical creation can account for the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the. conjugation of some English verbs. For instance, people know quite well that the past tense suffi
49、x for English verb should beed, and they tend to apply it to all verbs. As a result, we have both the old forms and the new forms for many English verbs. For example, work wrought / worked; beseech besought / beseeched; slay slew / slayed. (7)Borrowing English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages. Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, Arabic and other languages have all played an acti
