1、2008年武汉大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案与解析 一、名词解释 1 displacement 2 concord 3 coarticulation 4 garden path sentence 5 I-principle 6 Phonetics and phonology(10 points) 7 CAI and CAL(10 points) 二、分析题 8 A discussion on Saussure as the father of modern linguistics(15 points) 9 Some comments on the following linguistic
2、 view according to your own experiences:(15 points) A constructivist view of language argues that language(or any knowledge)is socially constructed(Nunnan, 1999). Learners learn language by cooperating, negotiating and performing all kinds of tasks. In other words, they construct language in certain
3、 social and cultural contexts. 2008年武汉大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案与解析 一、名词解释 1 【正确答案】 Displacement is one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space, at the moment of communication. 【试题解析】 本题考
4、查语言的四个本质特征中的移位性的概念。移位指人类语言可以让使用者来表示在说话时 (时问和处所 )并不存在的物体、事件和观点。因此，我可以提及孔子或北极，虽然前者已经在 4000年前就死了，而后者在地理上离我们非常遥远。答案参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 8页。 2 【正确答案】 Concord(or Agreement)may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationshi
5、p with one another, shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category(or categories). For instance, the syntactic relationship between this pen and it in the following dialogue: Whose is this pen? Oh, its the one I lost. 【试题解析】 本题考查一致关系的定义。一致关系，又叫做协同关系，指两个或更多处于一定语法关系中的词，要在某些范畴
6、上互相保持一致的形式。答案参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 118页。考生也应了解语法范畴中的性、数、格等重要概念。 3 【正确答案】 Coarticulation is a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 【试题解析】 本题考查语音中协同发音
7、的概念，协同发音是一种涉及到同时或重合发音的语音过程。协同发音可以分为逆化协同发音和重复性协同发音答案参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 52页。 4 【正确答案】 Garden path sentence, another factor affecting the process of determining a sentence structure, are sentences that are initially interpreted with a different structure than they actually have. For example, reduced relat
8、ive clauses often cause such feeling of having been garden-pathed. e.g.: The horse raced past the barn fell(the horse that was raced past the barn fell). 【试题解析】 本题考查一种与歧义句有关的现象 “花园小径 ”的定义。花园小径句就是那些实际解释不同于我们一开始所想结构的句子。答案参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 200页。 5 【正确答案】 The I-principle is one of the tripartite model, wh
9、ich was suggested by Levinson mainly in his 1987 paper “Pragmatics and the Grammar of Anaphor: A Partial Pragmatic Reduction of Binding and Control Phenomena“. In essence, Levinson says, the Q-, I- and M-principles are Grices two maxims of Quantity and a maxim of Manner reinterpreted neo-classically
10、. The I-principle is the Speakers Maxim: the Maxim of Minimization. “Say as little as necessary“, i.e. produce the minimal linguistic information sufficient to achieve your communicational ends(bearing the Q-principle in mind). 【试题解析】 本题考查语言学家 Levinson提出的信息原则的概念，答案参照教程第 206页。时，考生应能灵活掌握 Q-principle和
11、M-principle的概念。 6 【正确答案】 “Phonology“ is the study of sound systems the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall, how the sound system of a language functions. Minimal pair, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, etc., a
12、re all to be investigated by a phonologist. Phonology is concerned with the abstract and mental aspect of the sounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds. Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which form meaningful utterance, to recogniz
13、e a foreign accent, to make up new words. Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds. The two words contain the same root phono-, meaning sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds, they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature: it is interes
14、ted in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover ho
15、w speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Thus these two are at once related and distinct branches of linguistic studies. Phonology, therefore, different from phonetics, is language specific. It deals with speech sounds w
16、ithin the context of a particular language. 【试题解析】 本题旨在考查语音学与音韵学的区别。其中， Phonetics是语音学，是研究人类发音的学问。 Phonology是音韵学，是研究不同语言的发音系统有何异同的学问。答案参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 17-18页。 7 【正确答案】 CAI refers to computer-assisted instruction, which is the use of a computer in a teaching program. They may include: a)A teaching pro
17、gram which is presented by a computer in a sequence. The student responds on the computer, and the computer indicates whether the responses are correct or incorrect. b)The use of computers to monitor student progress, to direct students into appropriate lessons, material, etc. This is also called co
18、mputer-managed instruction. CAL refers to computer-assisted learning. CAL and CAI deal with teaching and learning in general. The first kind of CAL programs which were developed reflected principles similar to programmed instruction. The computer leads the students through a learning task step-by-st
19、ep, asking questions to check comprehension. Depending on the students response, the computer gives the student further practice or progresses to new material. In more recently, CAL courseware students are able to interact with the computer and perform higher-level tasks while exploring a subject or
20、 problem. 【试题解析】 本题考查 CAI(computer assistant instruction计算机辅助教学 )和CAL(computerassistant learning计算机辅助学习 )的区别。前者注重于教师教的问题，后者强调在教和学两方面使用计算机，帮助学习者达到教学目标。答案参照语言学教程 (修订版 )第 321-322页。 二、分析题 8 【正确答案】 Modern linguistics began from the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, who is often described as the “fath
21、er of modern linguistics“ and “a master of a discipline which he made modern“. And Saussures collected notes were put together by his students to produce the great work, Course in General Linguistics, in 1916. It marked the beginning of modern linguistics. Saussure believed that language is a system
22、 of signs. This sign is the union of a form and an idea, which Saussure called signifier and signified. Saussure exerted two kinds of influence on modern linguistics. First, he provided a general orientation, a sense of the task of linguistics which had seldom been questioned. Second, he influenced
23、modern linguistics in the specific concepts. Many of the developments of modern linguistics can be described as his concepts, i.e. his idea of the arbitrary nature of the sign, laugue VS. parole, synchrony VS. diachrony, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, etc. Saussures fundamental perception i
24、s of revolutionary significance, and it is he that pushed linguistics into a brand new stage and all linguistics in the twentieth century are Saussurean linguistics. 【试题解析】 本题考查 Saussure对现代语言学的贡献。答案参照教程第294-296页。 9 【正确答案】 Besides input, output has also been reported to promote language acquisition.
25、Correct production requires learners to construct language for their messages. When learners construct language for expression, they are not merely reproducing what they have learned. Rather they are processing and constructing things. For example, they process syntax read or heard and construct syn
26、tax that can be used to express that they wish to convey. The conception of language output as a way to promote language acquisition is to some extent in line with the so called constructivism. A constructivist view of language argues that language(or any knowledge)is socially constructed. Learners
27、learn language by cooperating, negotiating and performing all kinds of tasks. In other words, they construct language in certain social and cultural contexts. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred
28、 to as inter language. Interlanguage is often understood as a language system between the target language and the learners native language. It is not imperfect compared with the target language, but it is not mere translation form the native language either. However, interlanguage should not really
29、be seen as a bridging language between or a mixture of the target language and native language. Therefore, “inter“ actually means between the beginning stage and the final stage. Studies on interlanguage can be done in two ways:(1)investigating the psychological, biological or neurological mechanism
30、s involves in production of interlanguage;(2)investigating the linguistic features of interlanguage. Concerning the linguistic features of interlanguage, the following questions can be asked: 1)Linguistically, how is interlanguage in general different form the target language or the native language?
31、 2)In what way is lower level interlanguage different from higher level interlanguage? 3)How is the interlanguage system used to convey meaning? Answers to the above questions will certainly benefit language learning research. According to your own experiences, please talk about how the interlanguage works in your foreign language learning process. 【试题解析】 本题考查中介语和语言学习的相关知识，建构主义的语言观认为，学习语言 (或者任何其他知识 )都是一个社会建构的过程。学习者们可以通过相互合作、协商和完成各种各样的任务来学习语言。换句话说，他们在某种社会和文化环境下构建自己的语言。答案参照教程第 271272页。
