1、考研英语模拟试卷 239及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earths atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. (1)_ t
2、hese molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concerned, to pass (2)_, they absorb some of the longer-wave length, infrared emissions radiated from the Earths surface, radiation that would (3)_ be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain
3、 a constant average temperature, such emissions from the planet must (4)_ incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would (5)_ from the Earth much more easily. Today, (6)_, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. Could the increase in carbon dioxide
4、(7)_ a global rise in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious (8)_ for human society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase (9)_ that the (10)_ is probably yes. One mathematical model (11)_ that doubling the atmospheric c
5、arbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5 . This model assumes that the atmospheres relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a (12)_ of 6.5 per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapo
6、r in the atmosphere is another (13)_ absorber or radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more (14)_ than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant (15)_ the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases (16)_ the temperature rises. (17)_, more infrared radiation would
7、 be absorbed and reradiated (18)_ to the Earths surface. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, (19)_ the Earths reflectivity. More solar radiation would be absorbed, (20)_ to a further increase in temperature. （ A） Whereas （ B） If （ C） Although （ D） Because （ A
8、） for （ B） down （ C） by （ D） through （ A） otherwise （ B） nevertheless （ C） indeed （ D） somewhat （ A） assign （ B） equalize （ C） diffuse （ D） prepare （ A） avoid （ B） escape （ C） influence （ D） prevent （ A） indeed （ B） hence （ C） anyway （ D） however （ A） cause （ B） turn （ C） make （ D） leave （ A） conque
9、st （ B） outcome （ C） consequence （ D） compromise （ A） reflect （ B） display （ C） mark （ D） indicate （ A） response （ B） answer （ C） reaction （ D） solution （ A） discovers （ B） predicts （ C） proves （ D） confirms （ A） pace （ B） speed （ C） ratio （ D） rate （ A） competent （ B） effective （ C） efficient （ D）
10、sufficient （ A） moisture （ B） weight （ C） dimension （ D） compound （ A） if only （ B） as if （ C） only if （ D） even if （ A） since （ B） unless （ C） for （ D） as （ A） Likewise （ B） Therefore （ C） Instead （ D） Moreover （ A） back （ B） off （ C） on （ D） in （ A） contracting （ B） condensing （ C） reducing （ D） i
11、ntensifying （ A） leading （ B） coming （ C） amounting （ D） adding Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444 1510) suggests that widespread ap
12、preciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticellis work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor
13、of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticellis work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many
14、of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes). The primary reason for Botticellis unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part
15、, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro. Another reason for Botticellis unpopularity may have been th
16、at his attitude toward the style of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopt
17、ed a style that was only slightly similar to that of classical art. In any ease, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticellis work to the tradition of fifteenth-century Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 185
18、0 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater (although he, unfortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticellis personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticellis work, espe
19、cially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines features such as sk
20、illful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualit
21、ies less central. Because of Homes emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticellis achievements. 21 Which of the following would be the best title for the text? （ A） The Role of Standard Art Analyses and Appraisals. （ B） Sandro Botticelli: From Rejectio
22、n to Appreciation. （ C） Causes for Botticellis Rejection in Earlier Times. （ D） Botticelli and Florentine: A Comparative Study. 22 We can learn from the text that art critics have a history of （ A） suppressing painters art initiatives. （ B） favoring a Botticellis best paintings. （ C） rejecting tradi
23、tional art characteristics. （ D） undervaluing Botticellis achievements. 23 The views of Vasari and Home on Botticellis products are （ A） identical. （ B） complementary. （ C） opposite. （ D） similar. 24 The word “connoisseurs“ (Paragraph 1) most probably means （ A） representatives in the Pre-Raphaelite
24、 Movement. （ B） people who are in favor of Florentine. （ C） critics who are likely to make assessments. （ D） conservatives clinging to classical art. 25 What does the author think of Botticellis representation skills? （ A） They are to be fully appreciated. （ B） They evolve from an uncertain source.
25、（ C） They underlie his personality. （ D） They conform to the classical style. 26 What would happen to the U.S. economy if all its commercial banks suddenly closed their doors? Throughout most of American history, the answer would have been a disaster of epic proportions, akin to the Depression wroug
26、ht by the chain-reaction bank failures in the early 1930s. But in 1993 the startling answer is that a shutdown by banks might be far from cataclysmic. Consider this: though the economic recovery is now 27 months old, not a single net new dollar has been lent to business by banks in all that time. La
27、st week the Federal Reserve reported that the amount of loans the nations largest banks have made to businesses fell an additional $2.4 billion in the week ending June 9, to $274.8 billion. Fearful that the scarcity of bank credit might sabotage the fragile economy, the White House and federal agenc
28、ies are working feverishly to encourage banks to open their lending windows. In the past two weeks, government regulators have introduced steps to make it easier for banks to lend. Is the governments concern fully justified? Who really needs banks these days? Hardly anyone, it turns out. While banks
29、 once dominated business lending, today nearly 80% of all such loans come from non-bank lenders like life insurers, brokerage firms and finance companies. Banks used to be the only source of money in town. Now businesses and individuals can write checks on their insurance companies, get a loan from
30、a pension fund, and deposit paychecks in a money-market account with a brokerage firm. “It is possible for banks to die and still have a vibrant economy“, says Edward Furash, a Washington bank consultant. The irony is that the accelerating slide into irrelevance comes just as the banks racked up rec
31、ord profits of $43 billion over the past 15 months, creating the illusion that the industry is staging a comeback. But that income was not the result of smart lending decisions. Instead of earning money by financing Americas recovery, the banks mainly invested their funds on which they were paying a
32、 bargain-basement 2% or so in risk-free Treasury bonds that yielded 7%. That left bank officers with little to do except put their feet on their desks and watch the interest roll in. Those profits may have come at a price. Not only did bankers lose many loyal customers by withholding credit, they al
33、so inadvertently opened the door to a herd of non-bank competitors, who stampeded into the lending market. “The banking industry didnt see this threat“, says Furash. “They are being fat, dumb and happy. They didnt realize that banking is essential to a modern economy, but banks are not“. 26 In the e
34、yes of the writer, bank failures in the early 1930s （ A） brought about an economic crisis. （ B） destroyed the whole U.S economy. （ C） contributed to economic recovery. （ D） exerted no influence on economy. 27 What is the attitude of the government towards the current situation in which commercial ba
35、nks are caught? （ A） Indignant. （ B） Ironical. （ C） Apprehensive. （ D） Skeptical. 28 The role of commercial banks are being dramatically marginalized because （ A） the government no longer gave support to banking industries. （ B） bank officers were misled be unwise loaning strategies. （ C） insurance
36、companies have taken over part of the business. （ D） outside competitors invaded the business aggressively. 29 According to the text, what surprises the writer is that commercial banks fail to （ A） see its role in a modern economy. （ B） perceive the danger involved. （ C） appreciate their hard earned
37、 profits. （ D） realize the value of customers. 30 Which of the following may be the best title for this text? （ A） Banks on the Cliff. （ B） Banks in Ruins. （ C） Banks in Conflict. （ D） Banks at Ease. 31 If good intentions and good ideas were all it took to save the deteriorating atmosphere, the plan
38、ets fragile layer of air would be as good as fixed. The two great dangers threatening the blanket of gases that nurtures and protects life on earth global warming and the thinning ozone layer have been identified. Better yet, scientists and policymakers have come up with effective though expensive c
39、ountermeasures. But that doesnt mean these problems are anywhere close to being solved. The stratospheric ozone layer, for example, is still getting thinner, despite the 1987 international agreement known as the Montreal Protocol, which calls for a phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other oz
40、one-depleting chemicals by the year 2006. CFCs first fingered as dangerous in the 1970s by Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina, two of this years Nobel prizewinning chemists have been widely used for refrigeration and other purposes. If uncontrolled, the CFC assault on the ozone layer could increase t
41、he amount of hazardous solar ultraviolet light that reaches the earths surface, which would, among other things, damage crops and cause cancer in humans. Thanks to a sense of urgency triggered by the 1985 detection of what has turned out to be an annual “hole“ in the especially vulnerable ozone over
42、 Antarctica, the Montreal accords have spurred industry to replace CFCs with safer substances. Yet the CFCs already in the air are still doing their dirty work. The Antarctic ozone hole is more severe this year than ever before, and ozone levels over temperate regions are dipping as well. If the CFC
43、 phaseout proceeds on schedule, the atmosphere should start repairing itself by the year 2000, say scientists. Nonetheless, observes British Antarctic Survey meteorologist Jonathan Shanklin: “It will be the middle of the next century before things are back to where they were in the 1970s“. Developin
44、g countries were given more time to comply with the Montreal Protocol and were promised that they would receive $250 million from richer nations to pay for the CFC phaseout. At the moment, though, only 60% of those funds has been forthcoming. Says Nelson Sabogal of the U.N. Environment Program: “If
45、developed countries dont come up with the money, the ozone layer will not recuperate. This is a crucial time“. It is also a critical time for warding off potentially catastrophic climate change. Waste gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and the same CFCs that wreck the ozone layer all tend to trap
46、 sunlight and warm the earth. The predicted results: an eventual melting of polar ice caps, rises in sea levels and shifts in climate patterns. 31 The author asserts that remedying the earth atmosphere will depend upon other measures than （ A） quick responses. （ B） energy efficiency. （ C） great init
47、iatives. （ D） scientific analysis. 32 In the eyes of the writer, the worsening atmosphere is something （ A） the world must safeguard promptly. （ B） that calls for costly measures. （ C） rich countries are responsible for. （ D） that is close to being saved. 33 The word “recuperate“ (Para. 5) most prob
48、ably means （ A） get over. （ B） pull through. （ C） turn up. （ D） come around. 34 According to the text, what encourages the writer is that （ A） rich countries fail to come up with money. （ B） chemicals are brought under control. （ C） industries have turned to safer substances. （ D） threatening danger
49、s have been noticed. 35 Towards the solution to the worsening problem the writer seems to be （ A） assured. （ B） slack. （ C） detached. （ D） active. 36 The Republican Party has lost its mind. To win elections, a party needs votes, obviously, and constituencies. First, however, it needs ideas. In 1994 95, the Republican Party had after long struggle advanced a coherent, compelling set of political ideas expressed in a specific legislative agenda. The political stor
