1、Designation: C618 17Standard Specification forCoal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Usein Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C618; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers coa
3、l fly ash and raw orcalcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete where cementi-tious or pozzolanic action, or both, is desired, or where otherproperties normally attributed to fly ash or pozzolans may bedesired, or where both objectives are to be achieved.NOTE 1Finely divided materials may tend to
4、reduce the entrained aircontent of concrete. Hence, if a fly ash or natural pozzolan is added to anyconcrete for which entrainment of air is specified, provision should bemade to ensure that the specified air content is maintained by air contenttests and by use of additional air-entraining admixture
5、 or use of anair-entraining admixture in combination with air-entraining hydrauliccement.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes,which provide explanatory
6、information. These notes and foot-notes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles
7、 for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC311/C311M Test Methods for Sampling
8、and Testing FlyAsh or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-CementConcreteC1778 Guide for Reducing the Risk of Deleterious Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The terms used in this specification are defined inTerminology C125.3.1.2 fly ashthe finely divided resi
9、due that results from theprocess of combustion of ground or powdered coal and that istransported by flue gasses.NOTE 2This definition of fly ash does not include, among otherthings, the residue resulting from: (1) fluidized bed combustion ash, (2)the burning of municipal solid waste or any other ref
10、use with coal, or (3)the burning of industrial or municipal solid waste in incinerators com-monly known as “incinerator ash.”4. Classification4.1 Class NRaw or calcined natural pozzolans that com-ply with the applicable requirements for the class as givenherein, such as some diatomaceous earths; opa
11、line cherts andshales; tuffs and volcanic ashes or pumicites, calcined oruncalcined; and various materials requiring calcination toinduce satisfactory properties, such as some clays and shales.4.2 Class FFly ash that meets the applicable requirementsfor this class as given herein. This class of fly
12、ash haspozzolanic properties.4.3 Class CFly ash that meets the applicable requirementsfor this class as given herein. This class of fly ash, in additionto having pozzolanic properties, also has some cementitiousproperties.NOTE 3Class F fly ash is typically produced from burning anthraciteor bitumino
13、us coal, but may also be produced from subbituminous coaland from lignite. Class C fly ash is typically produced from burning ligniteor subbituminous coal, and may also be produced from anthracite orbituminous coal. Class C fly ashes typically have total calcium contents,expressed as calcium oxide (
14、CaO), that are higher than Class F fly ashes.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.24 on Supplementary Cementitious Materials.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2
15、017. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C61815. DOI:10.1520/C0618-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standard
16、s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally re
17、cognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15. Ordering Information5.1 The purchaser shall specify any su
18、pplementary optionalphysical requirements.5.2 The purchaser shall indicate which procedure, A or B,shall be used when specifying requirements for effectiveness incontribution to sulfate resistance under Table 3.6. Chemical Composition6.1 Fly ash and natural pozzolans shall conform to therequirements
19、 as to chemical composition prescribed in Table 1.NOTE 4The chemical component determinations and the limits placedon each do not predict the performance of the fly ash or natural pozzolanwith hydraulic cement in concrete, but collectively help describe compo-sition and uniformity of the material.7.
20、 Physical Properties7.1 Fly ash and natural pozzolans shall conform to thephysical requirements prescribed in Table 2. Supplementaryoptional physical requirements are shown in Table 3.8. Methods of Sampling and Testing8.1 Sample and test the fly ash or natural pozzolan inaccordance with the requirem
21、ents of Test Methods C311/C311M.8.2 Use cement of the type proposed for use in the workand, if available, from the mill proposed as the source of thecement, in all tests requiring the use of hydraulic cement.9. Storage and Inspection9.1 The fly ash or natural pozzolan shall be stored in such amanner
22、 as to permit easy access for proper inspection andidentification of each shipment.9.2 Inspection of the material shall be made as agreed uponby the purchaser and the seller as part of the purchase contract.10. Rejection10.1 The purchaser has the right to reject material that failsto conform to the
23、requirements of this specification. Rejectionshall be reported to the producer or supplier promptly and inwriting.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsClassNF CSilicon dioxide (SiO2) plus aluminum oxide (Al2O3) plus iron oxide (Fe2O3),min, %70.0 70.0 50.0Sulfur trioxide (SO3), max, % 4.0 5.0 5.0Moisture con
24、tent, max, % 3.0 3.0 3.0Loss on ignition, max, % 10.0 6.0A6.0AThe use of Class F pozzolan containing up to 12.0 % loss on ignition may be approved by the user if either acceptable performance records or laboratory test resultsare made available.TABLE 2 Physical RequirementsClassNFCFineness:Amount re
25、tained when wet-sieved on 45 m (No. 325) sieve, max, % 34 34 34Strength activity index:AWith portland cement, at 7 days, min, percent ofcontrol75B75B75BWith portland cement, at 28 days, min, percent ofcontrol75B75B75BWater requirement, max, percent of control 115 105 105Soundness:CAutoclave expansio
26、n or contraction, max, % 0.8 0.8 0.8Uniformity requirements:The density and fineness of individual samplesshall not vary from the average established by theten preceding tests, or by all preceding tests if thenumber is less than ten, by more than:Density, max variation from average, % 5 5 5Percent r
27、etained on 45-m (No. 325), max variation,percentage points from average55AThe strength activity index with portland cement is not to be considered a measure of the compressive strength of concrete containing the fly ash or natural pozzolan.The mass of fly ash or natural pozzolan specified for the te
28、st to determine the strength activity index with portland cement is not considered to be the proportionrecommended for the concrete to be used in the work. The optimum amount of fly ash or natural pozzolan for any specific project is determined by the required propertiesof the concrete and other con
29、stituents of the concrete and is to be established by testing. Strength activity index with portland cement is a measure of reactivity with a givencement and is subject to variation depending on the source of both the fly ash or natural pozzolan and the cement.BMeeting the 7 day or 28 day strength a
30、ctivity index will indicate specification compliance.CIf the fly ash or natural pozzolan will constitute more than 20 % by mass of the cementitious material in the project mixture, the test specimens for autoclave expansionshall contain that anticipated percentage. Excessive autoclave expansion is h
31、ighly significant in cases where water to cementitious material ratios are low, for example,in block or shotcrete mixtures.C618 17210.2 The purchaser has the right to reject packages varyingmore than 5 % from the stated weight. The purchaser also hasthe right to reject the entire shipment if the ave
32、rage weight ofthe packages in any shipment, as shown by weighing 50packages taken at random, is less than that specified.10.3 The purchaser has the right to require that material instorage prior to shipment for a period longer than 6 monthsafter testing be retested. The purchaser has the right to re
33、jectsuch material if it fails to meet the fineness requirements.11. Packaging and Package Marking11.1 When the fly ash or natural pozzolan is delivered inpackages, the class, name, and brand of the producer, and theweight of the material contained therein, shall be plainlymarked on each package. Sim
34、ilar information shall be providedin the shipping invoices accompanying the shipment of pack-aged or bulk material.12. Suppliers Certification12.1 Upon request of the purchaser, in the contract or theorder, a suppliers report shall be furnished stating the resultsof tests made on samples of the mate
35、rial and certifying theproduct conforms to all applicable requirements of this speci-fication. In addition, the report shall include the percentages ofmagnesium oxide (MgO), sodium oxide (Na2O), potassiumoxide (K2O), and calcium oxide (CaO), all determined asdescribed in Test Methods C311/C311M. The
36、 report shall alsoinclude the total alkali content of the material, expressed asequivalent percentage of sodium oxide (Na2Oe).NOTE 5Guidance on preparing the suppliers report is provided inAppendix X1.13. Keywords13.1 fly ash; natural pozzolan; pozzolansAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SUPPLI
37、ERS CERTIFICATION REPORTX1.1 To provide uniformity for reporting the results of testsperformed on pozzolans under this specification, and affirmingcompliance to the applicable limits of this standard, an ex-ample report of analysis is shown in Fig. X1.1.TABLE 3 Supplementary Optional Physical Requir
38、ementsNOTE 1These optional requirements apply only when specifically requested.ClassNFCIncrease of drying shrinkage of mortar bars at 28 days, max, difference, in %,over controlA0.03 0.03 0.03Uniformity Requirements:In addition, when air-entraining concrete is specified, the quantity of air-entraini
39、ng agent required to produce an air content of 18.0 vol % of mortarshall not vary from the average established by the ten preceding tests or by allpreceding tests if less than ten, by more than, %20 20 20Effectiveness in Contributing to Sulfate Resistance:BProcedure A:Expansion of test mixture:For m
40、oderate sulfate exposure after 6 months exposure, max, % 0.10 0.10 0.10For high sulfate exposure after 6 months exposure, max, % 0.05 0.05 0.05Procedure B:Expansion of test mixture as a percentage of sulfate resistance cementcontrol after at least 6 months exposure, max,%100 100 100ADetermination of
41、 compliance or noncompliance with the requirement relating to increase in drying shrinkage will be made only at the request of the purchaser.BFly ash or natural pozzolan shall be considered effective only when the fly ash or natural pozzolan is used at percentages, by mass, of the total cementitious
42、 materialwithin 2 % of those that are successful in the test mixtures or between two percentages that are successful, and when the C3A content of the project cement is less than,or equal to, that which was used in the test mixtures. See Appendix X2 of Test Method C311/C311M.C618 173X2. EFFECTIVENESS
43、 OF FLY ASH OR NATURAL POZZOLAN IN PREVENTING EXCESSIVE EXPANSION OF CONCRETEDUE TO ALKALI SILICA REACTIONX2.1 If properly proportioned in concrete mixtures, both flyash and natural pozzolan have been shown to prevent excessiveexpansion due to alkali silica reaction. The quantity of fly ashor natura
44、l pozzolan required to mitigate alkali silica reaction,measured in terms of portland cement replacement, is depen-dent on the properties of the fly ash or pozzolan, reactivity ofthe aggregate and the alkali loading of the concrete. For moreinformation on ASR mitigation, including test methods, seeGu
45、ide C1778.FIG. X1.1 Example of a Suppliers ReportC618 174SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,C618 15, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved Oct. 1, 2017)(1) Revised Table 3. (2) Added Appendix X
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