1、Designation: C654 11Standard Specification forPorous Concrete Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C654; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicat
2、es the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers porous nonreinforced concretepipe for use in underdrains.
3、1.2 A complete metric companion to this specification hasbeen developed 654M; therefore, no metric equivalents arepresented in this specification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC150 Specification for Portland CementC497 Test Methods for Concrete P
4、ipe, Manhole Sections, orTileC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concreteand MortarsC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC1116
5、 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andShotcrete3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology C822.4. Classification4.1 Pipe manufactured according to this specification shallbe of two classes identified as “Standard-Strength PorousNonrein
6、forced Concrete Pipe” and “Extra-Strength PorousNonreinforced Concrete Pipe.”5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 The acceptability of the pipe shall be determined by theresults of the strength and porosity or rate of infiltration tests,and by inspection to determine whether the pipe conforms tothis specificat
7、ion as to design and freedom from defects.5.2 The pipe shall be acceptable under the strength testswhen they have met the requirements as prescribed in Section10.5.3 Acceptance as to Infiltration PropertiesPipe shall beacceptable under the infiltration test when all test pipe conformto the test requ
8、irements as prescribed in Section 10.6. Materials6.1 ConcreteThe concrete shall consist of cementitiousmaterials and water.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement, or slag-m
9、odified portland cement, orportland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements ofSpecification C595, except that the pozzolan constituent in theType IP portlandpozzolan cement shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofSpecification C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.3 G
10、round Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C989.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concreteshall be one of the following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only,6
11、.2.4.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only,6.2.4.3 Slag modified portland cement only,6.2.4.4 Portland pozzolan cement only,6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement and fly ash,6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement and groundgranulated blast-furnace slag, or1This specification is under the ju
12、risdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.01 onNon-Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Drain and Irrigation Pipe.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C6
13、54 05a. DOI:10.1520/C0654-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 1
14、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement, fly ash (not toexceed 25 % of the total cementitious weight) and groundgranulated blast furnace slag (not to exceed 25 % of the totalcementitious weight).6.3 AggregatesAggrega
15、tes shall conform to SpecificationC33 except that the requirement for gradation shall not apply.6.4 Admixtures and BlendsOwner is not prohibited fromobtaining the record of mix design used.6.5 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated virgin polypro-pylene fibers are not prohibited in concrete pipe as a
16、nonstruc-tural manufacturing material. Only Type III synthetic fibersdesigned and manufactured specifically for use in concrete andconforming to the requirements of Specification C1116 shall beaccepted.7. Design7.1 Design TablesDesign requirements shall be in accor-dance with Table 1 and Table 2 and
17、 Fig. 1. Wall thickness usedshall be not less than the value shown, except as affected by thetolerance herein specified.8. Joints8.1 The joints shall be of such design and the ends of theconcrete pipe sections so formed that the pipe can be laidtogether to make a continuous line of pipe compatible w
18、ith thepermissible variations given in Section 7.9. Manufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, propor-tioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a homogeneous concretemixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the testand d
19、esign requirements of this specification.9.2 CuringPipe shall be subjected to any one of themethods of curing described in 9.2.1 through 9.2.3,ortoanyother method or combination of methods approved by theowner that will give satisfactory results. The pipe shall becured for a sufficient length of tim
20、e so that the concrete willdevelop the specified strength requirement at 28 days or less.9.2.1 Steam CuringPipe shall be placed in a curingchamber, free from outside drafts, and cured in a moistatmosphere maintained by the injection of steam for such timeand at such temperature as needed to enable t
21、he pipe to meetthe strength requirements. The curing chamber shall be con-structed as to allow full circulation of steam around the entirepipe.9.2.2 Water CuringConcrete pipe shall be water-cured bycovering with water-saturated material or by a system ofperforated pipes, mechanical sprinklers, porou
22、s hose, or by anyother approved method that will keep the pipe moist during thespecified curing period.9.2.3 The manufacturer has the option to combine themethods described in 9.2.1 and 9.2.2 provided the specifiedstrength is attained.9.3 Specials:9.3.1 General RequirementsSpecial shapes or fittings
23、such as wyes, tees, bends, and adapters for use with concretepipe conforming to this specification shall be made of porousor nonporous concrete in such manner as will provide strengthat least equal to the class of the adjacent pipe to which they arejoined; and shall conform to all other requirements
24、 specifiedfor pipe of corresponding class and internal diameter, exceptminimum infiltration. Joints shall be the same type as used inthe adjoining pipe.9.3.2 Wyes and TeesFabricated branches for wyes andtees shall be securely attached to the wall of the pipe and shallbe flush with the inside surface
25、 of the pipe.10. Physical Requirements10.1 Test SpecimenThe specified number of pipe requiredfor the test shall be furnished by the manufacturer and shall beselected at random by the owner, and shall be pipe that wouldnot otherwise be rejected under this specification. The selectionshall be made at
26、the point or points designated by the ownerwhen placing the order. The test pipe shall first be freed fromall visible moisture. When dry, each pipe shall be measured andinspected. The results of these observations shall be recorded.10.2 Number and Type of Test SpecimensThe manufac-turer shall furnis
27、h pipe for crushing tests, up to 0.5 % of thenumber of pipe of each size included in the order, except thatin no case shall less than two pipes be furnished.10.3 External Load Crushing RequirementsThe crushingstrength of porous nonreinforced concrete pipe shall conformto the requirements prescribed
28、in Table 1 and Table 2. Theindividual results of the various tests for each size of pipe andfor each shipment and plant shall be tabulated separately. Thecrushing strength shall ordinarily be applied to not less than75 % of the pipe received for purpose of test. All tests shall bemade in accordance
29、with Test Methods C497. Pipe shall beacceptable when all test pipe conform to the specified strengthrequirement. Should any of the test pipe provided in 10.2 failTABLE 1 Physical and Dimensional Requirements of Porous Concrete PipeInternal DesignatedDiameter, DMinimumAWall Thickness,TMinimum Laying
30、LengthAMinimum Socket Depth,LsMinimum Strength Three-Edge-BearingMinimum Infiltrationin. in. in. in. lbf/ft gal/minft4 1 24 1 1000 46 1 24 1 1100 68114 24 114 1300 810 118 24 118 1400 1012 112 24 112 1500 1215 134 24 134 1750 1518 2 24 2 2000 1821 214 24 214 2200 2124 212 24 212 2400 24ANormally the
31、 minimum laying length is 24 in. in length, but if the owner has no objections, then 18-in. length pipe up to 12 in. in diameter shall be acceptable.C654 112to meet the strength requirement, the manufacturer will beallowed to test two pipe for each pipe that failed, and the pipeshall be acceptable o
32、nly when all of these additional test pipemeet the strength requirement.10.4 Infiltration RequirementInfiltration (or porosity)shall conform to the requirements in Table 1 or Table 2.10.4.1 The test pipe shall be placed with a spigot end downon a soft rubber nonpermeable mat, or its equivalent, andw
33、eighted or clamped down if necessary to prevent the escapeof water through the spigot end of the pipe.10.4.2 Water shall be introduced into the pipe, and thedistance above the bottom of the porous section at which thewater level becomes constant shall be determined. The rate offlow shall be at least
34、 equal to the required minimum infiltrationfor 1 ft of pipe as given in Table 1 or Table 2.10.4.3 The rate of infiltration per foot of pipe shall bedetermined as follows:GPM 5 g/hwhere:GPM = infiltration rate in gallons per minute per foot ofpipe,g = gallons per minute of flow introduced into the te
35、stpipe, andh = height in feet from the bottom of the porous sectionof the pipe at which the level of water becomesconstant.10.5 Test EquipmentThe manufacturer shall furnish allequipment, facilities, and personnel necessary to perform at hisplant the tests specified in Section 10. In the event that t
36、heowner elects to have tests performed at any other location, themanufacturer will not be required to furnish equipment, facili-ties, nor personnel.11. Permissible Variations11.1 Size and DimensionsPipe shall be furnished in thesizes, internal diameters, and dimensions prescribed in Table 1,Table 2,
37、 and Table 3 and Fig. 1.11.2 Permissible variations from the dimensions describedin Table 1 and Table 2 shall not exceed those stated in Table 3.This is not to be construed, however, that heavier wallthickness pipe cannot be furnished at the option of themanufacturer. Pipe intended to be straight sh
38、all not havevariation in alignment of more than18 in./ft of length.12. Repairs12.1 Pipe repaired because of imperfections in manufactureor damage during handling will be acceptable, if in the opinionof the owner, the repaired pipe conforms to the requirements ofthis specification.13. Inspection13.1
39、The quality of all materials, in the process of manu-facture, and the finished pipe shall be subject to the inspectionand approval by the owner. Such inspection shall be performedeither at the point of manufacture or delivery.14. Rejection14.1 Pipe shall be subject to rejection on account of failure
40、to conform to any of the specification requirements. It is notTABLE 2 Physical and Dimensional Requirements of Extra-Strength Porous Concrete PipeInternal DesignatedDiameter, DMinimum WallThickness, TMinimum LayingLengthAMinimum SocketDepth, LsMinimum StrengthThree-Edge-BearingMinimumInfiltrationin.
41、 in. in. in. lbf/ft gal/minft8112 24 112 2600 810 158 24 158 2800 1012 2 24 2 3000 1215 214 24 214 3200 1518 212 24 212 3200 18ANormally the minimum laying length is 24 in. in length, but if the owner has no objections, then 18-in. length pipe up to 12 in. in diameter shall be acceptable.NoteSee Tab
42、le 1 and Table 2 for values of D, T,and Ls.FIG. 1 Joint DimensionsC654 113prohibited for individual sections of pipe to be rejected becauseof any of the following:14.1.1 Fractures or cracks passing through the wall or joints,except that a single crack not exceeding 2 in. in length at eitherend of a
43、pipe or a single fracture in the joints not exceeding 3in. in width nor more than 2 in. in length shall not beconsidered cause for rejection unless these defects exist inmore than 5 % of the entire shipment or delivery.14.1.2 The planes of the ends of the pipe are not perpen-dicular to the longitudi
44、nal axis, subject to the limits of variationas shown in Table 3.14.1.3 Defects that indicate mixing and molding not inaccordance with 9.1.14.1.4 Cracks sufficient to impair the strength, durability, orserviceability of the pipe.15. Marking15.1 The letters “ES” shall be legibly stamped with water-pro
45、of ink, or other permanent matter, on all extra-strengthporous concrete pipe.16. Keywords16.1 concrete pipe; nonreinforced; porous; underdrainsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of th
46、is standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five ye
47、ars andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical commi
48、ttee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
49、28-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in Dimensions of Porous Concrete PipeLimits of Permissible VariationInternal DesignatedDiameter,InternalDiameter,ALength, TwoOpposi
