1、Designation: C896 13Standard Terminology Relating toClay Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C896; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicate
2、s the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Referenced Documents1.1 ASTM Standards:2C301 Test Methods for Vitrified Clay PipeC700 Specification for Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength,Standard Strength, and Perforated2
3、. Terminologyapproving authoritythe individual official, board,department, or agency established and authorized by a state,county, city, or other political subdivision, created by law toadminister and enforce specified requirements.backfillall the material used to fill the trench from beddingto fini
4、shed surface.backfill, finalmaterial used to fill the trench from initialbackfill to finished surface.backfill, initialmaterial used to fill the trench from top ofbedding to a designated height over the pipe.backfill, unconsolidatednon-compacted material in place inthe trench.barrelthe cylindrical p
5、ortion of a vitrified clay pipe exclu-sive of branches, spurs, joints, and handling rings or lugs.bearing strengththe non-destructive limit of pipe load, asdetermined by 3-edge bearing test method, used to determinefield supporting strength.beddingthe materials, their placement, consolidation, andco
6、nfiguration, as designed to support, and to develop fieldsupporting strength of vitrified clay pipe.bellthe flared-end portion of a vitrified clay pipe or fitting,designed to function in the joining of other such pipe.beveled pipea pipe with an end angled to mate with acomplimentary pipe end or adju
7、st to another surface.blistera convex, raised area on the pipe surface indicating aninternal separation.bodySee pipe body.chipa small piece of broken-off material, or the locationwhere a small piece of the unit material has been broken off.clayan earthy or stony mineral aggregate consisting essen-ti
8、ally of hydrous silicates of alumina, plastic when suffi-ciently pulverized and wetted, rigid when dry, and vitreouswhen fired to a sufficiently high temperature.closureSee compression pactionmechanical or hydraulic consolidation of back-fill to achieve pression couplingSee compression pression disk
9、a disk of compressible material placedbetween the ends of adjacent pipe for the purpose ofdistributing the jacking pression jointa joint designed so that a sealing action isobtained by compressing elastomeric components.conduita pipe for conveying fluid.consolidationthe gradual reduction in volume o
10、f backfillmatter to achieve stability.constant weightthe condition of a substance in which allvolatile components have been vaporized, and repeatedexposure to a specified temperature, for any period of time,causes no change in weight.controlled low strength material (CLSM)flowable lowcompressive str
11、ength cementitious material used in the pipezone as a bedding material. Also referred to as controlleddensity fill, flowable fill, slurry, or lean concrete.crackan irregular separation with well-defined sharp edgesvisible on the surface of a pipe.deadloadthe load imposed on pipe, that is determined
12、bydepth and width of the trench at top of pipe, as well as unitweight and character of backfill material.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 onVitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.10 onEditorial.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013.
13、Published December 2013. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C896 11. DOI:10.1520/C0896-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
14、refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1drainsa piping system used to collect and carry off surfaceand ground water.encasementspecial materials, their placement a
15、nd configu-ration which are designed to fully surround the pipe, anddevelop a field supporting strength which exceeds thatdeveloped by other commonly used installation and beddingtechniques.exfiltrationthe quality of water leaving the test sectionduring a specified time period.faceto cover with a ne
16、w surface.filter blocka cellular vitrified clay block unit, of proprietaryconfiguration, designed to underbed the media in tricklingfilters.fire claya sedimentary clay of low-flux content.fittingproducts such as wyes, tees, elbows, adapters, etc.used in the installation of vitrified clay pipelines.f
17、loodinga means of compacting trench backfill by theintroduction of water by gravity.flue lininga manufactured tubular non-load bearing firedclay unit, normally used for conveying hot gases in chim-neys.fracturethat portion of a vitrified clay pipe from which afragment has been broken. It is distingu
18、ished by well-definedfracture faces and sharp edges where the fracture faces meetthe surface of the pipe.glazea hard glassy fused coating.haunchthe areas bordered by the barrel outside diameter, thevertical tangents from the pipe springline and the horizontaltangents from the bottom of the pipe. See
19、 detail:hot facethe interior surface of a chimney that is exposed tothe elevated temperatures of the flue gasses.inch-pound unitsthe units of length, area, volume, weight,and temperature in common use in the United States at thepresent time. These include, but are not limited to: (1)lengthfeet, inch
20、es, and fractional inches, (2) areasquarefeet and square inches, (3) volumecubic feet, cubic inches,gallons, and ounces, (4) weightpounds and ounces, and (5)temperaturedegrees Fahrenheit.industrial wastethe water-conveyed residues resulting frommanufacturing or processing operations.infiltrationthe
21、quality of ground water entering the testsection during a specified time period.initial backfilllocation for placement of selected material,native or import, extending from the top of the beddingmaterial to an elevation 1 ft above top of pipe.jackinga method of installing pipe by the trenchless meth
22、odusing equipment and pipe designed for this purpose.jacking forcethe force applied to the pipe along the longi-tudinal axis of the pipeline by the pipe jacking equipment.jettinga means of compacting trench backfill by the intro-duction of water under pressure through a nozzle.jointan individual len
23、gth of pipe, or the means of closure toform a pipeline.laminationa stratification of the material in the plane of thewall of a unit.leachateliquid drainage normally associated with contami-nated soils and solid waste landfills.live loadthe portion of the load transmitted to pipe fromwheel or tread i
24、mpacts.lotspecific group of clay products having characteristics ofsufficient similarity that individual specimens selected fromthat group may be considered representative of the wholegroup.microtunnelingtrenchless installation of pipe by jacking thepipe behind a remotely controlled, steerable, lase
25、r guided,microtunnel boring machine that provides continuous sup-port to the excavated face under various geotechnical con-ditions including the presence of groundwater.mitered fittingsfittings manufactured by using beveled pipesegments.mitered pipeSee beveled pipe.nominal diameterreferences the int
26、ernal diameter in nameonly to the nearest unit dimension.pimplea small solid bump or protrusion on the pipe surface.pipeSee vitrified clay pipe.pipe bodythe clay material or mixture of clay materials fromwhich vitrified clay pipe is made.pipe burstingprocess by which existing pipelines are brokenby
27、mechanical fracturing from either inside or outside withthe remains being pushed into the surrounding soil whilesimultaneously inserting a new pipeline of equal or largerdiameter.C896 132pipelinepipes joined to provide a conduit through whichfluids flow.puddlingsoil consolidation by agitating by mea
28、ns of poles,a mixture of soil and sufficient water to leave a puddle on thesurface.reachthe section of a sewer between structures.sampleeach piece or group of pieces selected from a lot andused to determine whether the product complies with thespecification criteria.samplingprocess of selecting samp
29、les from a lot for use intesting.sealing elementa separate or bonded material between thesleeve and the pipe that forms a seal.segmental testinga method of isolating and testing portionsof an installed pipeline to determine the location of an airloss in excess of the standard.segmented testinga meth
30、od of testing vitrified clay pipeusing segmented bearings as detailed in Test Method C301.selected materialfinely divided material free of debris,organic material, and large stones.sewagewaste matter carried off by sewers.sewergenerally, an underground conduit usually carryingwaste matter in a liqui
31、d medium.sewer lineSee sewer.sewer pipevitrified clay pipe as described in SpecificationC700.seweragesystem for collection, treatment, and disposal ofsewage.shalea thinly stratified, consolidated, sedimentary clay withwell-marked cleavage parallel to the bedding.shovel slicingutilizing a shovel, spa
32、de, or other suitable toolto place and consolidate the bedding material in the haunchto (1) ensure the pipe will remain true to line and grade and(2) provide uniform circumferential support to the pipe,which is essential for the total load factor to be realized.slanta piece of vitrified clay pipe ma
33、de so that one end hasa plane of approximately 45 or 60 to its longitudinal axis.The end may be made with a contoured surface to fit anotherpipe.sleevea coupling which contains or compresses the sealingelement and meets the requirements of the standard. Thesleeve may be affixed to one end of the pip
34、e at the factory.sliplininga method of inserting new pipe into an existingpipeline.socketthe portion of a jointing system that is designed toaccept a plain-end pipe or a spigot-end pipe.spadingsee shovel slicing.specifying agencythe individual engineer, firm, or politicalsubdivision charged with and
35、 having the responsibility forthe design of a facility, product, equipment, or materialrequirements.specimensample, or portion thereof, which is to be testedand the test results to be reported.spigotthat portion of a vitrified clay pipe that fits into the bellor socket of the preceding pipe.spring l
36、inethe line of maximum horizontal dimension of thetransverse cross section.suitable materialsSuitable material is well-graded34 to14in. (19 to 6mm) crushed stone, having a minimum of onefracture face, or other angular, non-consolidating beddingmaterials not subject to migration.superimposed loadload
37、 imposed by travel over, or bymaterial brought and placed over the trench area, after pipeinstallation.surface clayan unconsolidated, unstratified clay, occurringon the surface.test sectionthe portion of pipeline under test.test specimenspecimen, or portion thereof, which is to betested and the test
38、 results reported, or which is to be preparedfor further testing, and the test results reported.trench foundationThe area below the pipe and beddingwhich supports the pipe bedding structure.trickling filtera facility for the waste waters which utilizesa flow of liquid over fixed-media.unaided eyevis
39、ual inspection, without the use of specialequipment or enhancement excepting the use of correctivelenses.vitrified clay pipea pipe made from various clays orcombinations thereof which are shaped, dried, and fired to apoint where the glass-forming components fuse to form abond between the crystalline
40、 grains.wallsexterior vertical sides of vitrified clay filter block.websinterior supports separating channels of vitrified clayfilter block.C896 133This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either
41、reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If
42、 you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individ
43、ual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C896 134
