1、Designation: C 985 04e1Standard Specification forNonreinforced Concrete Specified Strength Culvert, StormDrain, and Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 985; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made throughout in March 2005.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers nonreinforced con
3、crete pipedesigned for specified strengths and intended to be used for theconveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water andfor the construction of culverts.1.2 A complete companion to Specification C 985 has beendeveloped, C 985M; therefore, no metric equivalents are pre-sented in this sp
4、ecification.NOTE 1This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specifica-tion only and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or therelationship between field load conditions and the designated strength ofthe pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performanceof t
5、his product depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, typeof bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to theconstruction specifications. The owner of the concrete pipe specifiedherein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with thepipe strength
6、specified and provide inspection at the construction site.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A82 Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete Re-inforcementA 185 Specification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement,Plain, for ConcreteA 496 Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for Concre
7、teReinforcementA 497 Specification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement,Deformed, for ConcreteA 615/A 615M Specification for Deformed and PlainBillet-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 497 Test Methods for Concrete Pi
8、pe, Manhole Sections,or TileC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolon for Use as a Mineral Admixture inConcreteC 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blas
9、t-FurnaceSlag for Use in Concrete and MortarsC 1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andShotcreteE 105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.4. Basis of Acceptance4.1 The accept
10、ability of the pipe design shall be determinedin accordance with Section 9. After the pipe design has beenaccepted, or if the pipe design has been accepted previously inaccordance with Section 9, production pipe shall be accepted inaccordance with 4.2.4.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Pipe Load and Mat
11、erialTests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for DefectsDetermine in accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and 11.NOTE 2It is necessary that samples be selected at random. Forguidance, see Practice E 105.4.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when it conforms to the require
12、ments as indicatedby the specified tests.5. Design and Manufacturing Data5.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following informa-tion regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:5.1.1 Basis of acceptance and supporting data,5.1.2 Designated pipe strength,5.1.3 Physical CharacteristicsDiameter, wa
13、ll thickness,laying length, and joint details,1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.07 onAcceptance Specifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current edition approved October 1, 2004. Published
14、November 2004. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 98502.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
15、Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.4 Admixtures,5.1.5 Manufacturing and curing process, and5.1.6 Handling Reinforcement:5.1.6.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcementspecifica
16、tion, and grade.5.1.6.2 Placement, placement tolerance, diameter, spacingand cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, andspecial reinforcement.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials:6.1.1 ConcreteThe concrete shall consist of cementitiousmaterials, mineral aggregates, and water.6.1.
17、2 Cementitious Materials:6.1.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C 150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C 595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type
18、IP portland pozzolancement shall be fly ash.6.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirementsof Specification C 618, Class F or Class C.6.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C 989.6.1.2.4 Allowable Combi
19、nations of CementitiousMaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used inthe cement shall be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast furnace slag cement only,(3) Slag modified portland cement only,(4) Portland pozzolan cement only,(5) A combination of portland cement
20、 and fly ash, or(6) A combination or portland cement and ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag.(7) A combination of portland cement, ground granulatedblast furnace slag (not to exceed 25% of the total cementitiousweight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25% of the total cementi-tious weight).6.1.3 Aggreg
21、atesAggregates shall conform to the require-ments of Specification C33, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.1.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallbe allowed to be used unless prohibited by the owner.6.1.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire conf
22、orming to Specification A82, or Specification A 496,or of wire fabric conforming to Specification A 185,orSpecificationA 497, or of bars of Grade 40 steel conforming toSpecification A 615/A 615M.6.2 Manufacture:6.2.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, pro-portioned, and mixed with cementi
23、tious materials, water, andadmixtures, if any, to produce a homogeneous concrete mixtureof such quality that the pipe will conform to the design and testrequirements of this specification.6.2.2 Handling ReinforcementCircumferential handlingreinforcement shall be provided in all pipe larger than 36 i
24、n. indiameter.6.2.2.1 PlacementWhere one line of circular reinforce-ment is used, it shall be placed between 30 and 50 % of thewall thickness from the inside surface. Where two lines ofcircular reinforcement are used, each line shall be so placedthat the protective covering over the circumferential
25、reinforce-ment in the wall of the section shall be 1 in.6.2.2.2 SplicesIf the splices are not welded, the reinforce-ment shall be lapped not less than 20 diameters for deformedbars, and 40 diameters for plain bars and cold-drawn wire.When splices are welded and are not lapped to the minimumrequireme
26、nts above, there shall be a minimum lap of 2 in. andpull tests of representative specimens shall develop at least50 % of the minimum specified strength of the steel.6.2.2.3 SpacingHandling reinforcements shall be indi-vidual hoops or shall be formed into a cage or cages. It shall bedistributed along
27、 the length of the pipe section, or one half ofthe minimum reinforcement shall be allowed to be placed ineach of the extreme quarters of the length of an 8-ft or less pipesection, or one third of the minimum reinforcement shall beallowed to be placed in each third of the length of a longer than8-ft
28、pipe section. Additionally, at least 75 % of the minimumarea shall be located not less than one fifteenth of the length ofthe pipe section from any portion of the joint.6.2.2.4 AreaThe minimum area of circumferential han-dling reinforcement shall be equal to 0.00003 (D + t)2in squarein. per ft of pi
29、pe, where “D” equals the designated diameter ininches and “t” equals the wall thickness in inches.6.2.2.5 Special Designs The manufacturer shall be al-lowed to submit special designs to the owner for approval.Approval shall be based on structural calculations or on loadtests. The minimum ultimate th
30、ree-edge bearing load shall beequal to the weight of the pipe and shall be sustained by thepipe after cracking at the top, bottom and sides the full lengthof the pipe. The pipe shall also meet the strength requirementsof Section 7, and Section 10 or 11, or both.6.2.3 JointsThe joints shall be of suc
31、h design and the endsof the concrete pipe sections so formed that when the sectionsare laid together they will make a continuous line of pipe witha smooth interior free from appreciable irregularities in theflowline, all compatible with the permissible variations givenin Section 8.6.2.4 Lift HolesWh
32、en agreed upon by the owner, lift eyesor holes shall be allowed to be provided in each pipe for thepurpose of handling.6.3 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated virgin polypropy-lene fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturersoption, in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturingmater
33、ial. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufac-tured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to therequirements of Specification C 1116 shall be accepted.7. Physical Properties7.1 Pipe Strength Pipe strength shall be either a desig-nated strength or a cracking strength. The designa
34、ted strengthis that specified as the minimum load required to produce thecracking strength when tested in three-edge bearing in accor-dance with Test Methods C 497. The cracking strength is theactual maximum load observed in the three-edge bearing test,C98504e12and shall be assumed to have been reac
35、hed when any continu-ous visible crack caused by the test load exceeds 1 ft in lengthmeasured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipe.NOTE 3For pipe made without handling steel, the designated strengthis the minimum load required to produce the ordinary nonreinforced pipeload at ultimate failu
36、re. For safety reasons, DO NOT look for a visiblecrack during a three-edge bearing test of pipe without reinforcing.7.2 Test Equipment and FacilitiesThe manufacturer shallfurnish, without charge, all samples, facilities, and personnelnecessary to carry out the tests required by this specification.7.
37、3 Test Methods The tests for crushing strength shall bemade in accordance with Test Methods C 497. When alterna-tive methods of load testing are specified, tests shall be madein accordance with the alternative requirements.8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations8.1 Standard DiametersPipe shall be m
38、anufactured in thestandard designated internal diameters listed in Table 1.NOTE 4Diameters other than those shown in Table 1 may beavailable. When such sizes are required, the owner should contact themanufacturers in the project area.8.2 Design TolerancesExcept as specified in this section,all permi
39、ssible design tolerances shall be provided underrequirements in Section 5.8.2.1 Diameter TolerancesThe internal diameter shall notvary from the designated diameter by more than 6316 in. forpipe 12 in. in diameter; by more than 614 in. for pipe 15 or 18in. in diameter; by more than 6516 in. for pipe
40、21 in. indiameter; by more than 638 in. for pipe 24 in. to 36 in. indiameter; and by more than 61 % for pipe larger than 36 in. indiameter.8.2.2 Handling Reinforcement Placement TolerancesThemaximum variation in the nominal position of the reinforce-ment shall be 610 % of the wall thickness or 658 i
41、n.,whichever is greater. Pipe having variations in the position ofthe reinforcement exceeding those specified above shall beaccepted if the three-edge bearing strength requirements aremet by a representative sample. In no case, however, shall thecover over the circumferential reinforcement be less t
42、han12 in.8.2.3 Laying Length TolerancesThe length of any sectionof pipe shall not vary more than12 in. from a specified ordesignated design length. The length of two opposite sides ofany section of pipe shall not vary more than14 in. or 2 % of thedesignated diameter, whichever is larger.8.2.4 Wall T
43、hickness TolerancesThe wall thickness shallnot be less than the thickness specified under 5.1.3 by morethan 5 % or18 in. for pipe 12 to 24 in. in diameter, whicheveris greater; and by more than 5 % or316 in. for pipe larger than24 in. in diameter, whichever is greater. Localized variations inwall th
44、ickness exceeding those specified above shall be ac-cepted if the physical test requirements specified herein aremet. A wall thickness greater than that required by the designis not a cause for rejection, except that such pipe shall not beused for tests required in Section 4.8.2.5 Straightness Toler
45、ancesPipe intended to be straightshall not vary in alignment more than18 in./ft of length.9. Acceptance of Design9.1 Acceptance by Tests of SpecimensThree to five repre-sentative specimens, or special test pipe that are shorter thanstandard production pipe, as agreed upon by the owner andmanufacture
46、r, shall be tested to cracking strength and theresults recorded. Compute the values in 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 for thecracking strength.9.1.1 Compute the estimated standard deviation, s,byEq1or Eq 2, that yield identical values, as follows:s 5 =(Xi2 X!2#/n 2 1! (1)s 5 =(Xi22 (Xi!2/n/n 2 1! (2)where:Xi= obse
47、rved value of the load to develop the crackingstrength,X= average (arithmetic mean) of the values of Xi, andn = number of observed values.9.1.2 Compute the minimum allowable arithmetic mean, Xs,by Eq 3. In Eq 3 the value of the estimated standard deviation,s, shall be calculated by Eq 1 or Eq 2 or e
48、qual to 0.01 L,whichever is greater.Xs5 L 1 1.07 s (3)where:L = Specification limit (designated strength).9.1.3 The pipe design shall be acceptable if the arithmeticmean Xfor the cracking strength is equal to or greater than thecomputed values of Xs, and if all the tested specimens meet orexceed the
49、 specification limit.9.2 Alternative Acceptance MethodThe manufacturershall be allowed to request approval of designs based onempirical evaluations of the strength of the pipe including, butnot limited to, designs based on interpolation between designsapproved in accordance with 10.1, or designs evaluated on thebasis of tests other than the three-edge bearing test method.Acceptance of design tests need not be performed for eachcontract or order.10. Acceptance of Pipe by Load Testing10.1 Lot Sampling The owner shall random
