1、Designation:D1003071Designation: D1003 11Standard Test Method forHaze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1003; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This test method has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense to replace Method 3022 of Federal Tes
3、t MethodStandard 406.1NOTEAdded research report footnote to 7.5.1 editorially in September 2008.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of specific light-transmitting and wide-angle-light-scattering properties of planarsections of materials such as essentially transparent plastic. Two pr
4、ocedures are provided for the measurement of luminoustransmittance and haze. Procedure A uses a hazemeter as described in Section 5 and Procedure B uses a spectrophotometer asdescribed in Section 8. Material having a haze value greater than 30 % is considered diffusing and should be tested in accord
5、ancewith Practice E167E2387.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.NOTE 1For greater discrimination among materials that scatter a high percent of light within a narrow forward angle, such as is the case with abradedtransparent plastics, adjust the hazemeter and perform mea
6、surements in accordance with Test Method D1044.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regul
7、atorylimitations prior to use.NOTE 2This test method is not equivalent to ISO 134681 and ISO/DIS 14782.13468-1 and ISO/DIS 14782.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1044 Test Method for Resistance of Tran
8、sparent Plastics to Surface Abrasion D1898Practice for Sampling of PlasticsE167Practice for Goniophotometry of Objects and MaterialsE259 Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder White Reflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemispherical andBi-Directional GeometriesE284 Terminology of Appearance
9、E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method Practice for Conductingan Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodE2387 Practice for Goniometric Optical Scatter Measurements2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 134681ISO 13468-1 PlasticsDet
10、ermination of the Total Luminous Transmittance of Transparent MaterialsISO/DIS 14782 PlasticsDetermination of Haze of Transparent Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms applicable to this test method are defined in Terminologies D883 and E284.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1
11、This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.40 on Optical Properties.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originally approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D1003-00.
12、DOI:10.1520/D1003-07E01.Current edition approved April 15, 2011. Published April 2011. Originally approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1003 - 071. DOI:10.1520/D1003-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at se
13、rviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1This document is not an ASTM standard
14、and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases onl
15、y the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.1 haze, nin tran
16、smission, the scattering of light by a specimen responsible for the reduction in contrast of objects viewedthrough it. The percent of transmitted light that is scattered so that its direction deviates more than a specified angle from thedirection of the incident beam.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIn this test m
17、ethod, the specified angle is 0.044 rad (2.5).3.2.2 luminous, adjweighted according to the spectral luminous efficiency function V() of the CIE (1987).3.2.3 luminous transmittance, nthe ratio of the luminous flux transmitted by a body to the flux incident upon it.4. Significance and Use4.1 Light tha
18、t is scattered upon passing through a film or sheet of a material can produce a hazy or smoky field when objectsare viewed through the material. Another effect can be veiling glare, as occurs in an automobile windshield when driving into thesun.4.2 Although haze measurements are made most commonly b
19、y the use of a hazemeter, a spectrophotometer may be used,provided that it meets the geometric and spectral requirements of Section 5. The use of a spectrophotometer for haze measurementof plastics can provide valuable diagnostic data on the origin of the haze,4and Procedure B is devoted to the use
20、of aspectrophotometer.4.2.1 Procedure A (hazemeter) test values are normally slightly higher and less variable than Procedure B (spectrophotometer)test values.4.3 Regular luminous transmittance is obtained by placing a clear specimen at some distance from the entrance port of theintegrating sphere.
21、However, when the specimen is hazy, the total hemispherical luminous transmittance must be measured byplacing the specimen at the entrance port of the sphere. The measured total hemispherical luminous transmittance will be greaterthan the regular luminous transmittance, depending on the optical prop
22、erties of the sample. With this test method, the specimenis necessarily placed at the entrance port of the sphere in order to measure haze and total hemispherical luminous transmittance.4.4 Haze data representative of the material may be obtained by avoiding heterogeneous surface or internal defects
23、 notcharacteristic of the material.4.5 Haze and luminous-transmittance data are especially useful for quality control and specification purposes.4.6 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any testspecimen preparation, cond
24、itioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the materialsspecification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then the defaultconditions apply.5. Test Specimens5.1 Sampling shall be statistically ad
25、equate to ensure that the material in accordance with Practice D1898. specimens wereobtained and produced by a process in statistical control. Obtain specimens that are free of defects not characteristic of the materialunless such defects constitute variables under study.5.2 Cut each test specimen t
26、o a size large enough to cover the entrance port of the sphere.Adisk 50 mm 2 in.(2 in.) in diameter,or a square with sides of the same dimensions, is suggested. The specimen shall have substantially plane-parallel surfaces free ofdust, grease, scratches, and blemishes, and it shall be free of visibl
27、y distinct internal voids and particles, unless it is specificallydesired to measure the contribution to haze due to these imperfections.5.3 Prepare three specimens to test each sample of a given material unless specified otherwise in the applicable materialspecification.6. Conditioning6.1 Condition
28、ingUnless otherwise required in the appropriate materials specification or agreed between customer/supplier,condition the test specimens at 23 6 2C 73.4(73.4 6 3.6F3.6F) and 50 6 5%10 % relative humidity for not less than 40 hprior to test, in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D618. In case of
29、 disagreements, the tolerances shall be 61C1.8F(1.8F) and 62%65 % relative humidity.6.2 Test ConditionsSet up the test apparatus in an atmosphere maintained at 23 6 2C 73.4(73.4 6 3.6F3.6F) and 50 65%10 % relative humidity.7. Procedure AHazemeter7.1 Apparatus:7.1.1 The instrument used for measuremen
30、t shall meet the geometric and spectral requirements of this section.5,64Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Billmeyer, F. W., Jr., and Chen, Y., “On the Measurement of Haze,” Color Research and Application,
31、Vol 10, 1985, pp. 219224.5Billmeyer, F. W., Jr., and Chen, Y., “On the Measurement of Haze,” Color Research and Application, Vol 10, 1985, pp. 219224.5The sole source of supply of the hazemeter known to the committee at this time is BYK-Gardner USA 9104 Guilford Road Columbia, MD 21046.6The sole sou
32、rce of supply of the hazemeter known to the committee at this time is BYK-Gardner USA 9104 Guilford Road Columbia, MD 21046.D1003 1127.1.2 A light source and a photodetector shall be supplied, and the combination shall be filtered to provide an outputcorresponding to the luminosity response of the 1
33、931 CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer with CIE Standard Illuminant C or,alternatively, Illuminant A. The output shall be proportional to within 1 % to the incident flux over the range of flux used. Thephotometric stability for source and detector must be constant throughout the test of each specime
34、n.7.1.3 Use an integrating sphere to collect transmitted flux; the sphere may be of any diameter as long as the total port areas donot exceed 4.0 % of the internal reflecting area of the sphere. The entrance and exit ports shall be centered on the same great circleof the sphere, and there shall be a
35、t least 2.97 rad (170) of arc between centers. The exit port shall subtend an angle of 0.14 rad(8) at the center of the entrance port. With the light trap in position, without the specimen, the axis of the irradiating beam shallpass through the centers of the entrance and exit ports. For a hazemeter
36、, position the photocell or photocells on the sphere 1.576 0.17 rad (90 6 10) from the entrance port and baffle it from direct exposure to the entrance port. In the pivotable modificationwhere the interior wall adjacent to the exit port is used as the reflectance reference, the angle of rotation of
37、the sphere shall be 0.1406 0.008 rad (8.0 6 0.5).7.1.4 Illuminate the specimen by a substantially unidirectional beam; the maximum angle that any ray of this beam may makewith the beam axis shall not exceed 0.05 rad (3). This beam shall not be vignetted at either port of the sphere.7.1.5 When the sp
38、ecimen is placed against the entrance port of the integrating sphere, the angle between the perpendicular tothe specimen and a line connecting the centers of entrance and exit ports shall not exceed 0.14 rad (8).7.1.6 When the beam is unobstructed by a specimen, its cross section at the exit port sh
39、all be approximately circular, sharplydefined, and concentric within the exit port, leaving an annulus of 0.023 6 0.002 rad (1.3 6 0.1) subtended at the entrance port.NOTE 3It is important to verify whether the unobstructed-beam diameter and centering at the exit port are maintained, especially if t
40、he source apertureand focus are changed.NOTE 4The tolerance stated on the annulus of 0.002 rad (0.1) corresponds to an uncertainty of 60.6 % in a haze reading.7This is relevant forassessing the precision and bias of this test method.7.1.7 The surfaces of the interior of the integrating sphere, baffl
41、es, and reflectance standard, if used, shall be of equal reflectance,matte, and highly reflecting throughout the visible spectrum.87.1.8 A light trap shall be provided that will absorb the beam completely when no specimen is present, or the instrument designshall obviate the need for a light trap.7.
42、1.9 A schematic drawing of the optics of a hazemeter with unidirectional illumination and diffuse viewing is shown in Fig.1.7.1.10 Aseries of calibrated haze standards is required for periodic verification of the accuracy of instrumental response. Ideally,if the haze of narrow-angle-scattering speci
43、mens (such as plastic films) is to be measured, narrow-angle-scattering glass standardsshould be used;,8however, these are not known to be commercially available. In their absence, wide-angle-plastic standards5,7may be used, but these are less sensitiveto the size and centering of the annulus descri
44、bed by Billmeyer and Chen5and Weidner and Hsia,9however, these are not known to be commercially available. In their absence,6If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of
45、the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.7If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.7Weidner
46、, V. R., and Hsia, J. J., “NBS Reference Hazemeter: Its Development and Testing,” Applied Optics, Vol 18, 1979, pp. 16191626.8Weidner, V. R., and Hsia, J. J., “NBS Reference Hazemeter: Its Development and Testing,” Applied Optics, Vol 18, 1979, pp. 16191626.8Highly reflective matte barium sulfate pa
47、int or pressed polytetrafluoroethylene powder are excellent for this purpose. See Practice E259.FIG. 1 Schematic of HazemeterD1003 113wide-angle-plastic standards9,6may be used, but these are less sensitive to the size and centering of the annulus described by Billmeyer and Chen4and Weidner and Hsia
48、,8and particular attention should be paid to Note 1 when only plastic haze standards are used.7.2 Procedure:7.2.1 Determine the following four readings:ReadingDesignationSpecimenin PositionLight Trapin PositionReflectanceStandardin PositionQuantity RepresentedT1no no yes incident lightT2yes no yes t
49、otal light transmitted byspecimenT3no yes no light scattered by instru-mentT4yes yes no light scattered by instru-ment and specimen7.2.2 Repeat readings for T1,T2,T3, and T4with additional specified positions of the specimen to determine uniformity.7.3 Calculation10:7.3.1 Calculate total transmittance, Tt(Note 5), equal toT2/T1.7.3.2 Calculate diffuse transmittance, Td(Note 5), as follows:Td5 T42 T3T2/ T1!# / T1(1)7.3.3 Calculate percent haze as follows:haze 5 Td/ Tt3 100 (2)NOTE 5To obtain the greatest accuracy in luminous tra
