1、Designation: D 1129 06aStandard Terminology Relating toWater1, 2This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1129; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicate
2、s the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.accuracy, na measure of the degree of conformity of a valuegenerated by a specific procedure to
3、 the assumed or acceptedtrue value, and includes both precision and bias.acidity, nthe quantitative capacity of aqueous media to reactwith hydroxyl ions.acidity, free mineral, nthe quantitative capacity of aqueousmedia to react with hydroxyl ions to pH 4.3.acidity, theoretical free mineral, nthe fre
4、e mineral aciditythat would result from the conversion of the anions of strongacids in solution to their respective free acids.alkalinity, nthe quantitative capacity of aqueous media toreact with hydrogen ions.analyte, na possible sample component whose presence andconcentration is of interest.anion
5、-exchange material, na material capable of the revers-ible exchange of negatively charged ions.bias, nthe persistent positive or negative deviation of themethod average value from the assumed or accepted truevalue.biological deposits, ndeposits of organisms or the productsof their life processes.bla
6、nk, nmatrix carried through all or part of the analyticalprocess, where the analyte is not present, or where theanalyte response is suppressed.NOTE 1A blank must be appropriate to the analytical process it isbeing used with.NOTE 2A blank is typically used to monitor contamination or toestablish a ba
7、seline for quantitation.brackish water, nwater that contains dissolved matter at anapproximate concentration range from 1000 to 30 000 mg/L.brine, nwater that contains dissolved matter at an approxi-mate concentration of more than 30 000 mg/L.cation conductivity, na conductivity measurement per-form
8、ed on water after cations have been exchanged forprotons using cation exchange media.cation-exchange material, na material capable of the re-versible exchange of positively charged ions.caustic embrittlement, na form of metal failure that occursin steam boilers at riveted joints and at tube ends, th
9、ecracking being predominantly intercrystalline.chlorine requirement, nthe amount of chlorine required toachieve, under specified conditions, the objectives of chlo-rination.chlorine residual, nthe amount of available chlorine presentin water at any specified time.chlorine, combined available, nresid
10、ual chlorine combinedwith ammonia nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.chlorine, free available, nthe hypochlorite ions (OCl),hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or the combination thereofpresent in water.chlorosity, nthe concentration of the dissolved chlorideequivalent in water at 20C.composite sample, na combi
11、nation of two or more samples.concentrate (reverse osmosis), nthe residual portion of anaqueous solution applied to a membrane.control analyses, nthe determination of specific parametersused as criteria for proper operation of a system.corrosion products, nproducts that result from chemical orelectr
12、ochemical reaction between a metal and its environ-ment.critical level, nwith a specified level of confidence (forexample, 95 % or 99 %), the lowest result that indicates thepresence of an analyte.DISCUSSIONSpecifically, the lowest result that is statistically differ-ent from zero. This term origina
13、tes with the publications of LloydCurrie (Anal. Chem. 40 (1968) 586; ISO 118431:1997). A criticallevel is dependent on the analyte of interest, the analytical method, andthe matrix. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys MethodDetection Limit (MDL) (Federal Register 40 CFR, Part 136, AppedixB, 71
14、99 edition) is an example of a critical level.data traceability, nthe ability to verify data by havingaccess to, and documentation of, all prior information usedto generate it and needed for its interpretation.dispersion staining, nthe color effects produced when atransparent object, immersed in a l
15、iquid having a refractiveindex near that of the object is viewed under the microscopeby a transmitted light and precise-aperture control.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Waterand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.02 on General Specifications,Technic
16、al Resources, and Statistical Methods.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2006. Published September 2006. Originallyapproved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 1129 06.2A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this terminology.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
17、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.dissolved matter, nthat matter, exclusive of gases, which isdispersed in water to give a single homogeneous liquidphase.duplicate sample, none of two (2) representative portionstaken from the same sample or sample source.electrical
18、conductivity, nthe reciprocal of the resistance inohms measured between opposite faces of a centimetre cubeof an aqueous solution at a specified temperature.equivalent per million (epm), na unit chemical equivalentweight of solute per million unit weights of solution.fixed matter, nresidues from the
19、 ignition of particulate ordissolved matter, or both.flow-proportioned sample, na sample obtained by collect-ing an aliquot volume in proportion to the rate of flow of thestream sampled.ghosting, na gas-chromatographic interference, showing asa peak, which appears at the same elution time as acompon
20、ent from previous injection.hardness, nthe polyvalent-cation concentration of water(generally calcium and magnesium).hydrogen cycle, nthe operation of a cation-exchange cyclewherein the removal of specified cations from the influentwater is accomplished by exchange with an equivalentamount of hydrog
21、en ion from the exchange material.internal standard, na material present in or added tosamples in known amount to serve as a reference measure-ment.ion exchange, na reversible process by which ions areinterchanged between an insoluble material and a liquid withno substantial structural changes of th
22、e material.ion-exchange capacity (volume basis), nthe number ofmilliequivalents of exchangeable ions per millilitre of back-washed and settled bed of ion-exchange material in itsstandard form.ion-exchange capacity (weight basis), nthe number ofmilliequivalents of exchangeable ions per dry gram ofion
23、-exchange material in its standard form.ion-exchange material, na water insoluble material that hasthe ability to exchange reversibly certain ions in its structure,or attached to its surface as functional groups, with ions in asurrounding medium.ion-exchange membrane, nan ion-exchange material in af
24、orm suitable for use as a barrier between two fluids.ion-exchange particle, nan ion-exchange material in theform of spheroids or granules with an average diameter lessthan 10 mm.ion-exchange resin, na synthetic, organic-ion-exchange ma-terial.matrix, nsubstance in which the analyte or property exist
25、s.measurement, nset of operations having the object ofdetermining a numeric value or non-numeric characteristic.measurement quality objective, nthe precision, accuracy,and detection requirements for measurement data, based onthe intended use of that data.measurement traceability, nproperty of the re
26、sult of ameasurement or the value of a standard whereby it can berelated to stated references, usually national or internationalstandards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons allhaving stated uncertainties.NOTE 3The concept is often expressed by the adjective traceable.NOTE 4The unbroken chain
27、of comparisons is called a traceabilitychain.membrane filter, na thin, nonfibrous filtration medium forfluids, with mean pore size larger than 0.01 m in diameter,with which particles larger than the rated pore size areretained at or near the delivery surface.minimum determinability, nthe lowest valu
28、e that can bedetermined within the stated precision of a method expressedquantitatively in the same dimension that is used for report-ing results of the test.mixed bed, na physical mixture of anion-exchange andcation-exchange materials.monitoring, vthe continual sampling, measuring, recording,and/or
29、 signaling, of the characteristics of water or water-borne material.multiple laboratories operational precision, nthe standarddeviation of the results of a series of determinations byseveral laboratories employing the method with its associ-ated sample container preparation, collection, splitting, p
30、res-ervation, transmission, and storage on a homogeneoussample.neat petroleum, noil visibly free of contaminants.noise, nan extraneous electronic signal that effects baselinestability.nuclide, nan atomic species characterized by the constitu-tion of its nucleus, specifically by the number of protons
31、 andneutrons.odor-intensity index, nthe number of times the concentra-tion of the original sample is halved by addition of odor-freewater to obtain the least definitely perceptible odor.odor threshold number, nthe greatest dilution of the samplewith odor-free water to yield the least definitely perc
32、eptibleodor.operating cycle, nan ion-exchange process consisting of abackwash, regeneration, rinse, and service run.oxidation-reduction potential, nthe electromotive forcedeveloped by a noble metal electrode immersed in the water,referred to the standard hydrogen electrode.oxygen demand, nthe amount
33、 of oxygen required, under thespecified test conditions for the oxidation of waterborneorganic and inorganic matter.parametric system, na system that uses the response of asensor to produce an output that is correlatable with theselected parameter.particulate matter, nthat nonliquid matter, exclusiv
34、e ofgases, which is heterogeneously dispersed in water.pH, nthe negative logarithm of the hydrogen-ion activity inan aqueous solution, or, the logarithm of the reciprocal of thehydrogen-ion activity.phenolic compounds, nhydroxy derivatives of benzene andits condensed nuclei.D 1129 06a2precision, nth
35、e degree of agreement of repeated measure-ments of the same parameter expressed quantitatively as thestandard deviation computed from the results of a series ofcontrolled determinations.primary standard, nstandard that is designated or widelyacknowledged as having the highest metrological qualitiesa
36、nd whose value is accepted without reference to otherstandards of the same quantity.NOTE 5The concept of primary standard is equally valid for basequantities and derived quantities.qualitative, adjpertaining to a descriptive measurement,such as (1) taste or (2) presence/absence of a characteristic o
37、rcomponent.quantification, nthe process of performing a quantitativedetermination.quantitation limit, nthe lowest result that would be consid-ered quantitative.quantitative, advhaving precision and bias levels that meetthe intended use of the result.radioactive daughter, nthe direct radioactive deca
38、y productof a radionuclide.radioactivity, nspontaneous nuclear disintegration withemission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiation, orboth.radioactivity half-life, nthe unvarying characteristic periodof time in which one half of the radioactive atoms of a givenradionuclide decay.radioisotopes, n
39、radionuclides having the same atomic num-ber.reference sample, na matrix whose analytes of interest areof known or accepted concentration or property.regeneration, nthat part of the operating cycle of anion-exchange process in which a specific chemical solutionis passed through the ion-exchange bed
40、to prepare it for aservice run.regeneration level, nthe total weight of regenerant used perunit quantity of ion-exchange material in a single regenera-tion.relative retention ratio, nin chromatography, the columnretention time of a component divided by the columnretention time of a standard.result,
41、nthe outcome of a measurement.retention time, nthe time that elapses from the introductionof the sample until the component peak maximum isreached.rinse, nthat part of the operating cycle of an ion exchangeprocess in which a specified water is passed through a bed ofthe ion exchange material to remo
42、ve the residual regenerantsolution.salinity, nthe concentration of dissolved matter found inwater after bromide and iodide have been replaced by anequivalent quantity of chloride, all carbonate converted tooxide, and all organic matter destroyed.sample, na discreet portion of matrix intended to repr
43、esentits source.sampling, vobtaining a representative portion of the materialconcerned.scale, na deposit formed from solution directly upon asurface.screening procedure, nany procedure performed to providea preliminary evaluation of a sample characteristic in orderto make a decision concerning the n
44、eed for additionalanalysis(es).DISCUSSIONThe designation of a procedure as “screening” is afunction of how a measurement(s) is applied. Any procedure can be“screening” depending on how the results are applied. Screeningprocedures are typically employed when there is a need to reduce costs,or when th
45、ere are physical or time constraints, or both.service run, nthat part of the operating cycle of an ion-exchange process in which a water is passed through a bedof the ion-exchange material in order to remove specific ionsfrom the water or to exchange them for an equivalent amountof a specific ion fr
46、om the bed material.signal conditioner, nthe component that receives the outputfrom a sensor and processes it for subsequent use.single-operator operational precision, SOOP, nthe stan-dard deviation of the results of a series of determinations bya single operator employing the method with its associ
47、atedsample container preparation, collection, splitting, preserva-tion, transmission, and storage on a homogeneous sample.sludge, na water-formed sedimentary deposit.sodium cycle, nthe operation of a cation-exchange unitwherein the removal of specific cations from the influentwater is accomplished b
48、y exchange with an equivalentamount of sodium ion from the exchange material.spiked sample, na sample portion into which a knownamount of analyte has been added.sterile, adjfree from any viable organism, either active ordormant.suppressor device, nan ion-exchange-based device placedbetween the analy
49、tical column and the conductivity detectorof an ion chromatography system, that exchanges counter-ions with hydronium or hydroxyl ions. This process enchan-ces the analyte signal by lowering eluant background con-ductivity, and, for strong acid and strong base ions, forms amore conductive species.surface tension, na property arising from the molecularforces of the surface film of all liquids which tend to alter thecontained volume of liquid into a form of minimum super-ficial a
